在线观看亚洲精品专区-在线观看亚洲免费-在线观看亚洲免费视频-在线观看亚洲欧美-欧美freexxx-欧美free嫩交video

食品伙伴網服務號
 
 
當前位置: 首頁 » 專業英語 » 專業知識 » 正文

Shellfish toxins

放大字體  縮小字體 發布日期:2007-05-28
核心提示:General characteristics Shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of toxins elaborated by planktonic algae (dinoflagellates, in most cases) upon which the shellfish feed. The toxins are accumulated and sometimes metabolised by the shellfish. The 20 t

General characteristics

Shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of toxins elaborated by planktonic algae (dinoflagellates, in most cases) upon which the shellfish feed. The toxins are accumulated and sometimes metabolised by the shellfish.

The 20 toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSP) are all derivatives of saxitoxin. Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is presumably caused by a group of high molecular weight polyethers, including okadaic acid, the dinophysis toxins, the pectenotoxins, and yessotoxin. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is the result of exposure to a group of polyethers called brevetoxins. Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is caused by the unusual amino acid, domoic acid, as the contaminant of shellfish.

Disease symptoms

Ingestion of contaminated shellfish results in a wide variety of symptoms, depending upon the toxins(s) present, their concentrations in the shellfish and the amount of contaminated shellfish consumed. In the case of PSP, the effects are predominantly neurological and include tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, and respiratory paralysis. Less well characterized are the symptoms associated with DSP, NSP, and ASP. DSP is primarily observed as a generally mild gastrointestinal disorder, i.e., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain accompanied by chills, headache, and fever. Both gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms characterize NSP, including tingling and numbness of lips, tongue, and throat, muscular aches, dizziness, reversal of the sensations of hot and cold, diarrhoea, and vomiting. ASP is characterized by gastrointestinal disorders (vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain) and neurological problems (confusion, memory loss, disorientation, seizure, coma).

PSP: Symptoms of the disease develop fairly rapidly, within 0.5 to 2 hours after ingestion of the shellfish, depending on the amount of toxin consumed. In severe cases respiratory paralysis is common, and death may occur if respiratory support is not provided. When such support is applied within 12 hours of exposure, recovery usually is complete, with no lasting side effects. In unusual cases, because of the weak hypotensive action of the toxin, death may occur from cardiovascular collapse despite respiratory support.

NSP: Onset of this disease occurs within a few minutes to a few hours; duration is fairly short, from a few hours to several days. Recovery is complete with few after effects; no fatalities have been reported.

DSP: Onset of the disease, depending on the dose of toxin ingested, may be as little as 30 minutes to 2 to 3 hours, with symptoms of the illness lasting as long as 2 to 3 days. Recovery is complete with no after effects; the disease is generally not life threatening.

ASP: The toxicosis is characterized by the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms within 24 hours; neurological symptoms occur within 48 hours. The toxicosis is particularly serious in elderly patients, and includes symptoms reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease. All fatalities to date have involved elderly patients.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of shellfish poisoning is based entirely on observed symptomatology and recent dietary history.

Associated foods

All shellfish (filter-feeding molluscs) are potentially toxic. However, PSP is generally associated with mussels, clams, cockles, and scallops, especially, but not only, around the Pacific Ocean; NSP mainly with shellfish harvested along the Florida coast and the Gulf of Mexico; DSP with mussels, oysters, and scallops worldwide, and ASP with mussels.

Prevention

This only way this toxicosis may be avoided is by not consuming shellfish, but often authorities know when algae have bloomed locally and shellfish harvesting is banned. Also, especially in the case of DSP, shellfish are kept in clean water for some time before harvested.
In most countries shellfish are monitored for the different toxins and most cases are attributed to shellfish harvested by non-locals or tourists.

A disproportionate number of PSP cases (especially in the USA, where PSP is relatively common) occur among tourists or others who are not native to the location where the toxic shellfish are harvested. This may be due to disregard for either official quarantines or traditions of safe consumption, both of which tend to protect the local population.

Risk populations

All humans are susceptible to shellfish poisoning. Elderly people are apparently predisposed to the severe neurological effects of the ASP toxin.

更多翻譯詳細信息請點擊:http://www.trans1.cn
 
關鍵詞: Shellfish toxins
[ 網刊訂閱 ]  [ 專業英語搜索 ]  [ ]  [ 告訴好友 ]  [ 打印本文 ]  [ 關閉窗口 ] [ 返回頂部 ]
分享:

 

 
推薦圖文
推薦專業英語
點擊排行
 
 
Processed in 3.684 second(s), 692 queries, Memory 3.06 M
主站蜘蛛池模板: 影视精品网站入口 | 一区二区在线观看高清 | 午夜视频播放 | 禁漫羞羞a漫入口 | 美女很黄很黄是免费的·无遮挡网站 | 国产在线视频你懂得 | 亚洲一区二区电影 | 久久艹人人艹 | 天天色图| 午夜小视频在线播放 | 欧美婷婷色 | 操美女大逼逼 | 在线a人片免费观看不卡 | 伊人玖玖| www.三级.com| 欧美视频三区 | 2018天天拍拍拍免费视频 | 亚洲一区二区三区在线视频 | 天天爽夜夜爽8888视频精品 | 九九99久久精品影视 | 俄罗斯一级特黄黄大片 | 日本黄色小视频网站 | 狠狠躁夜夜躁人人躁婷婷视频 | 国产经典三级 | 五月天丁香婷婷综合 | 男啪女视频免费观看网站 | 丁香花成人另类小说 | 婷婷丁香色综合狠狠色 | 亚洲精品久久片久久 | 欧美性色xo影院永久禁欲 | 欧美视频亚洲色图 | 人人草人人爱 | 女bbbbxxxx另类亚洲 | 日韩亚洲欧美日本精品va | 黄篇网站在线观看 | 国产精品单位女同事在线 | 午夜看黄| 日本不卡免费新一区二区三区 | 天天干天天爽天天射 | 天天爽夜夜爽人人爽曰喷水 | 狠狠干网址|