在线观看亚洲精品专区-在线观看亚洲免费-在线观看亚洲免费视频-在线观看亚洲欧美-欧美freexxx-欧美free嫩交video

食品伙伴網(wǎng)服務(wù)號
 
 
當前位置: 首頁 » 專業(yè)英語 » 專業(yè)知識 » 正文

食品微生物 Chapter 3: Foodborne illness

放大字體  縮小字體 發(fā)布日期:2005-06-01


The WHO have a useful factsheet on food safety and foodborne illness (factsheet). 

See Food poisoning micro-organisms for more details on specific organisms

Food poisoning statistics
The general public perception of food poisoning numbers is that outbreaks and numbers of cases are increasing at an alarming rate. Whereas in fact the numbers of cases due to Salmonella and E. coli O157 has been decreasing in recent years, whilst Campylobacter and viral agents of gastroenteritis have remained relatively constant. [Reference: Anon (1999d) Where have all the gastrointestinal infections gone? Eurosurveillance Weekly] Why? Is there a difference between the two groups?

My personal view point is that possibly the message of cooking food thoroughly is being better implemented, hence the decrease in incidences of food poisoning bacteria associated with improperly cooked foods. In contrast, the message of cross-contamination has not received such an emphasis. Organisms such as SRSV do not multiply on food, but are transmitted via food. Campylobacter jejuni is easily killed during cooking and is not a sporeformer. However it has a low infectious dose and is associated with cross-contamination. The infectious dose and probability of infection (Pi) infectivity of major food poisoning organisms are covered on pages 146, 172, 271 and 344.

If the message of the dangers of cross-contamination is not being properly addressed, then what changes should be made in food handling, both in industry and in the home? There is an ’International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene’ (IFH) whioch promotes a better understanding and control of home hygiene. A document on guidelines can be read from their web site.

There is a need for better home hygiene education. The IFH (International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene) is dedicated to raising the awareness of the role of domestic hygiene in the prevention of infections acquired in the home, and regards this as an important topic which has been largely neglected and under-researched. Their homepage can be found at Home Hygiene. 

A presentation on the global need for food safety can be run from here: [PRESENTATION] and there is avery good site concerning the cost of foodboonre illness at the Economic Research Service of the USDA.

Accuracy of data around the world
We have already seen the variation in food poisoning statistics collated around the world (Table 3.5, p 67) and contrasted with the sentinent studies of the USA (Table 3.2, p 56-57) and the UK (Table 3.3, p58-59). The variation is due to under-reporting (Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.2) and also the variation in approved methods [See chapter 6 for the approved detection methods for the major food poisoning organisms in in UK, USA, Spain, France, Australia, Canada, etc.]. A useful source of outbreak statistics is Foodborne illness education center and a weekly summary of food safety alerts in Europe is listed here. For an extensive web site resource on all forms of food poisoning (ie. chemical as well as microbial) go to the FAO site for the Pan-European conference in 2002. 

The standardisation of methods will greatly assist in obtaining a truer reflection of the incidence and epidemiology of food poisoning in the general population. The European Enter-Net and American FoodNet (and associated Pulse-Net, also recent PulseNet article) are examples of effective surveillance programmes. See Table 3.6 (p71) for examples of Enter-Net identified outbreaks in Europe.

One of the interesting observations on food poisoning statistics is the seasonality, with certain agents of gastroenteritis being more prevalent during the summer. A recent article in Emerging Infectious Diseases investigates this phenomenon.

For the most recent data on European foodborne illness (1993-1998) go to the World Health Organisation and here for USA food poisoning statistics 1993-1997.

A criticism of the CDC data collection can be found Center for Science in the Public Interest

Other useful sites on the burden of food poisoning can be viewed at UK study and USA food poisoning burden . In order to keep up-to-date with the economic cost of food poisoning use ERS site. 

The education of children and adults
From Figures 3.4 (p. 60) you will see the signifcant differences in faecal isolations of gastroenteritis organisms with age. Evidently children have a highly incidence of viral gastroenteritis than adults. See also Table 3.1 for the under-reporting values for viral pathogens. Also from Figure 3.5 (p. 61) it appears that boys (even pre-school age) have higher incidence of organisms causing gastroenteritis in their faeces than girls. Why? Is this associated with toilet training and washing ones hands? See Useful sites for a conference presentation (April 2000, PDF file) on food hygiene education and the general public.

The importance of hand washing is often emphasized as a major barrier to the spread of foodborne infectious diseases. Two recent articles in [Larson(1) and Pittet,2]Emerging Infectious Disease discuss its merits. A general fact sheet is also available [here]

Emerging pathogens
There are a number of ’emerging’ or ’re-emerging’ pathogens such as prions, Mycobacterium paratuberculum, Enterobacter sakazakii and Arcobacter butzleri.. There are a number of reasons for their ’emergence’ such as greater awareness and improved detection methods. The Institute of Food Technology has published an expert report on ’Emerging Microbiological Food Safety Issues: Implications for control in the 21st Century’ . This 107 page document is an invaluable resource as an overview of current issues in the food industry. Another article on emerging pathgoens in the UK can be accessed here, and a WHO factsheet here 

Bacterial toxins
Bacteria produce a range of toxins which vary in their specificity and heat stability. Toxins such as those from St. aureus are resistant to denaturation at cooking temperatures. Therefore it is important to avoid to growth of these organisms to levels which produce significant toxins (ie 106 St. aureus/g) prior to cooking. 

Bacterial toxins 
Bacterial protein proteins 
Bacterial toxins; Friends or foes? 
E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella protein toxins 
Bacterial endotoxin 
Campylobacter and Guillian-Barre syndrome 
This is covered in more detail in chapter 3 (Section 3.8) of ’The Microbiology of Safe Food’.

Antibiotic resistance
The increasing concern over antibiotic resistance has continued. A relatively recent issue of Eurosurveillance (6 Number1, January 2001) has a number of articles on this matter. A general overview of the mechanisms causing antibiotic resistance can be read here (Scientific American article). A network focused on reservoirs of antibiotic resistance can be accessed at ROAR Network. The WHO have 2 factsheets on the topics factsheet 1 on human antibiotic usage and factsheet 2 on non-human antibiotic usage. 

Outbreaks
When an outbreak occurs, it needs to be investigated in a thorough, standardised manner. For a tutorial on this topic visit the CDC web page outbreak toolkit. There are three case studies which can be downloaded (classroom based or computer based) from here. 

 

Break time: Take a visit to Food premises for some interesting reading (!) or if you are young at heart then try this site BREAK .

更多翻譯詳細信息請點擊:http://www.trans1.cn
 
[ 網(wǎng)刊訂閱 ]  [ 專業(yè)英語搜索 ]  [ ]  [ 告訴好友 ]  [ 打印本文 ]  [ 關(guān)閉窗口 ] [ 返回頂部 ]
分享:

 

 
推薦圖文
推薦專業(yè)英語
點擊排行
 
 
Processed in 0.163 second(s), 17 queries, Memory 0.91 M
主站蜘蛛池模板: 亚洲国产成+人+综合 | 成人网在线观看 | eeuss久久久精品影院 | 啪啪免费视频网站 | 手机看片1024在线 | 亚洲婷婷国产精品电影人久久 | 男人一级片| 久久99久久精品97久久综合 | 午夜寂寞视频在线观看 | 免费 在线播放 | 在线国产高清 | 天堂免费在线视频 | 免费又爽又黄禁片视频在线播放 | 免费你懂的 | 波多野吉衣一区二区三区在线观看 | 又色又爽视频 | 色综合久久一区二区三区 | 国产成人亚洲综合a∨婷婷 国产成人一区二区三中文 国产成人一区二区在线不卡 | 中文字幕三级久久久久久 | 天天爽夜夜操 | 欧美色图在线视频 | 韩国三级观影久久 | 美女被羞羞产奶视频网站 | 最新欧美一级视频 | 女人被男人免费播放网站 | 人人搞人人搞 | 欧美色图一区二区 | 色噜噜色偷偷 | 黄色网视频| 女人张开腿给男人桶爽免费 | 综合五月 | 天堂在线免费 | 亚洲一卡二卡三卡 | 国产三级网站在线观看 | 四虎4444hu4影视最新地址 | 一区二区三区在线播放 | 最近高清免费观看视频大全 | 中文字幕亚洲天堂 | 中文在线1区二区六区 | 成人涩涩网站 | 欧美精品网站 |