People who are less confident in their beliefs are more reluctant than others to seek out opposing perspectives, researchers said today.

    The findings, which are based on a review of more than 90 studies, shed light on the debate over whether people intentionally steer clear of views conflicting with their own, or whether they are just exposed more often to ideas that conform to their own.

    The former seems to be the case. Another recent study revealed that college students gravitated toward news that fit their views.

    While it's not news that like-minded people often flock together, the new review suggests we actively keep our blinders on when opposing views are nearby. The review is detailed this month in the journal Psychological Bulletin.

    Some more so than others …

    Overall, the studies suggested people are about twice as likely to cherry-pick information that supports their own viewpoints than to consider an opposing idea. Nearly 70 percent cherry-picked compared to about 30 percent who ponder the other side.

    Close-minded individuals opted for information that went along with their views 75 percent of the time.

    "Close-minded people are very certain and dogmatic in their views, and generally believe that there is a single correct point of view," said study researcher Dolores Albarracin, a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "The implication is that you have a group of people who would only seek to confirm their points of view, resisting all evidence to the contrary via avoidance of exposure."

    And since even a slight breeze could flatten a house of cards, the researchers found people with little confidence in their own beliefs are less likely to expose themselves to contrary views compared with their confident counterparts. In fact, another recent study showed that people with stronger party affiliation and greater interest in politics were more likely to read articles with opposing views.

    The new study, however, found politics can prompt blinders: People are more reluctant to look at different viewpoints regarding political, religious or ethical values, the studies showed. Specifically, study participants stuck with their own ideas 70 percent of the time when it came to issues of moral values or politics, compared with 60 percent for other issues.

    "If you are really committed to your own attitude - for example, if you are a very committed Democrat - you are more likely to seek congenial information, that is, information that corresponds with your views," Albarracin said.

    Political and moral views are more open to personal interpretation anyway, than for example some scientific concept. "Political and moral issues are more inherently a personal judgment," Albarracin told LiveScience. "There is no risk of experiencing the effects of being inaccurate as you have in science. Hence people are free to seek information that confirms their attitudes pretty exclusively."

    When you need the opposition

    Sometimes you can't avoid the opposition, and it can even benefit you. The researchers found that politicians and others who need to publicly defend themselves are motivated to learn about opposing ideas.

    For practical matters, different viewpoints are also necessary. "If you're going to buy a house and you really like the house, you're still going to have it inspected," Albarracin said.

    Similarly, even if you trust your surgeon, you are likely to seek out a second opinion regarding a major operation, she added.

    對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)缺乏信心的人，會(huì)更傾向于回避對(duì)立意見，研究者們今日發(fā)布消息說。

    這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)是在總結(jié)了90多份研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上得出的。該發(fā)現(xiàn)無疑對(duì)于解決長(zhǎng)久以來的爭(zhēng)論--人們到底是有意識(shí)地屏蔽相抵觸的觀點(diǎn)，還是僅僅更經(jīng)常接觸到相似觀點(diǎn)--具有啟發(fā)性的意義。

    正確的似乎是前者。近日的另一項(xiàng)研究也表明，大學(xué)生更傾向看符合自己觀點(diǎn)的新聞。

    盡管此類消息并非關(guān)于"物以類聚，人以群分",然而，新的發(fā)現(xiàn)的確表明：當(dāng)我們碰到對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)，會(huì)有意地視而不見。該發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容詳見本月《心理學(xué)公報(bào)》。

    哪種人更固執(zhí)？

    總的來說，據(jù)調(diào)查顯示，人們篩選出符合己見的信息的概率約為考慮相左觀點(diǎn)的兩倍--前者占近70%,而后者約占30%.

    思想保守者尤甚。他們75%的時(shí)候都選擇性地只看相似觀點(diǎn)。

    "保守的人對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)很確信，也很固執(zhí)。他們通常都相信有唯一正確的答案存在。" 研究調(diào)查者之一、伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校的心理學(xué)教授，道羅瑞斯·阿爾芭瑞熙（ Dolores Albarracin）,如此評(píng)說道。"這就意味著，有那么一群只固執(zhí)自己觀點(diǎn)的人，他們對(duì)于所有指向相反觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)，一律采取視而不見的方法加以抵制、拒絕。"'

    如同"紙牌堆砌的房子，一縷微風(fēng)就可以吹倒"所揭示的一樣，研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)于己見動(dòng)搖者比自信的人更傾向于回避相左的觀點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，近日另一份研究表明，入黨人士和對(duì)政治感興趣的人，會(huì)較多閱讀對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)的文章。

    然而，最近這項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻表明，政治也可能加厚人們的有色眼鏡：在政治、宗教和倫理問題上，人們尤其回避與自己不同的觀點(diǎn)。具體來說，若討論的是道德或政治，人們70%的時(shí)間會(huì)僅僅固守自己觀點(diǎn)；而若討論其他問題，這一概率則降至60%.

    "如果你真的對(duì)自己的想法堅(jiān)定不移--比如說，你是個(gè)堅(jiān)定的民主黨員--那么你確會(huì)更傾向于搜尋與自己相宜的信息，即與自己的觀點(diǎn)相一致的信息。"阿爾芭瑞熙說。

    確實(shí)，不管怎么說，政治和道德的觀點(diǎn)均是依據(jù)個(gè)人的理解而定，不比其它--如科學(xué)概念。"政治、道德問題本身就是基于個(gè)人的判斷。" 阿爾芭瑞熙告訴"生活科學(xué)"網(wǎng)說。"畢竟，討論科學(xué)問題你可能出錯(cuò)，討論政、道問題卻沒有這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此人們可以自由地篩選出只與他們態(tài)度相符合的觀點(diǎn)。"

    你什么時(shí)候需要對(duì)立意見？

    有時(shí)候你無法回避對(duì)立面--它可能甚至于你有益。研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)，政治家們以及其他需要當(dāng)眾維護(hù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的人，往往因此而受激勵(lì)得去了解相反意見。

    在日常實(shí)際問題中，不同的意見也不可或缺。"如果你要買房，你已經(jīng)看上了一幢自己很中意的房子，你也依然需要叫上其他人幫你參考。"阿爾芭瑞熙說。

    她又補(bǔ)充道，同樣地，即使你十分相信你的外科醫(yī)生，也需要在動(dòng)一個(gè)大手術(shù)前多多聽取第三方意見。