1. 當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時,常用被動語態(tài),這時往往不用by短語。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他們的工資太低。(沒必要指出工資是誰付的)
2. 突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者,如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者,用by短語。
The time-table has been changed. 時間表已變動了。(要突出的是“時間”)
These books are written especially for children. 這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強調(diào)的是“”這些書)
3. 為了使語言得體或圓滑等不愿意說出動作的執(zhí)行者。如:
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請您在下次會議上作個發(fā)言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據(jù)說她要嫁給一個外國人。
4. 出于修辭的原因,或是說為了更好地安排句子。如:
It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc. . 問別人的年齡、工資、婚姻狀況等通常被認為是不禮貌的。
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 這個提議特別遭到了那些在本地區(qū)投資很大的人的反對。(因those的定語太長了,若用它作主語,主語與謂語就相距太遠而顯得句子松散。)
(來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò))