Cork is a light brown material harvested from the cork oak tree. Cork is lightweight, strong and resistant to water.

It is best known for keeping liquids from spilling. For thousands of years, people have used pieces of cork as closures for bottles.

Cork is made of small cells filled with air. This structure makes it elastic(adj. 彈性的), so it can be pressed but later return to its full shape. It is said that no technology has been able to copy this unusual material exactly.

The cork oak tree is native to the western Mediterranean coast of Europe. The largest cork forests in the world are located in Portugal. In fact, Portugal produces more than half of the world’s cork supply.

Cork oak trees have to be at least twenty-five years old before they are ready for harvest. Harvests only happen once every nine years.

Cork is gathered by skillfully cutting off the outer layer of the tree with special knives. The harvest weakens the tree temporarily, but it soon starts to grow a new layer of bark.

Next, the cork harvest is set out in the open for six months. Then, the cork is boiled in order to clean it and make it softer. After drying, the cork is ready to be cut.

Because cork trees are not killed during harvest, they can live for as long as two hundred years. Also, used cork products can be recycled and used again. This makes cork a valuable renewable resource.

The wine industry has always been a major supporter of cork production. Wine makers say cork stoppers in their bottles let the wine age and improve over time. But now some wine producers are changing to plastic or metal closures.

Some environmentalists worry that if cork starts to lose its value, the cork oak forests of Europe will no longer be protected. These forests are rich with animal and plant life.

Cork bottle stoppers make up about sixty percent of all cork products. But many people are finding creative new uses for cork. A designer in Italy, for example, makes cloth out of cork. An American designer uses cork to make large storage containers for food. Cork can be shined and used to cover floors and walls.

Because it is fire resistant, cork has even found a use as a material in making rockets.

And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Dana Demange. Internet users can find transcripts, MP3s and podcasts of our reports atwww.en8848.com. I'm Jim Tedder.

【學(xué)名】Quercus variabilis Blume.
【英文名】Cork Oak
【分類】殼斗科 （山毛櫸科）Fagaceae 櫟屬
【原產(chǎn)地】北非地中海沿岸
【分布】世界各地廣泛栽培。我國產(chǎn)于遼寧省以南直到廣東省，而以鄂西、秦嶺、大別山區(qū)為其分布中心。分布海拔300-800米，生于向陽山坡。
【形態(tài)特征】落葉喬木，樹皮深灰色，縱深裂。由于韌皮發(fā)達(dá)，老干樹皮厚，剝下可用于軟木塞、絕熱、隔音和絕緣材料。木材堅(jiān)硬，紋理直，結(jié)構(gòu)粗，為優(yōu)良木材樹種。高達(dá)25米；木栓層發(fā)達(dá)，樹皮深縱裂，黑灰色。 葉互生；寬披針形，長8-15厘米，寬3-6厘米，頂端漸尖，基部闊楔形； 邊緣具芒狀鋸齒；葉背灰白，密生細(xì)毛。殼斗碗狀，徑2厘米，包堅(jiān)果2/3以上，苞反曲；堅(jiān)果球形，直徑1.5厘米，頂圓微凹。
【用途】主要以栓皮為軟木工業(yè)原料；種子含淀粉，可釀酒或作飼料；殼斗含鞣質(zhì)，可作染料或提取栲膠；木材紋理平直，結(jié)構(gòu)較粗，供建筑、車輛等用。