中華人民共和國(guó)憲法
CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

（一九八二年十二月四日第五屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第五次會(huì)議通過(guò)）
(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Proclamation of the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982)

目 錄
Contents

序 言
Preamble

第一章 總 綱
Chapter I General Principle

第二章 公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)
Chapter III The Structure of the State

第一節(jié) 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)
Section 1 The National People's Congress

第二節(jié) 中華人民共和國(guó)主席
Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China

第三節(jié) 國(guó)務(wù)院
Section 3 The State Council

第四節(jié) 中央軍事委員會(huì)
Section 4 The Central Military Commission

第五節(jié) 地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民政府
Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

第六節(jié) 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)
Section 6 The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

第七節(jié) 人民法院和人民檢察院
Section 7 The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

第四章 國(guó)旗、國(guó)徽、首都
Chapter IV The National Flag , the National Emblem and the Capital

序 言
Preamble

中國(guó)是世界上歷史最悠久的國(guó)家之一。中國(guó)各族人民共同創(chuàng)造了光輝燦爛的文化，具有光榮的革命傳統(tǒng)。
China is a country with one of the longest histories in the world. The people of all of China's nationalities have jointly created a culture of grandeur and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.

一八四0年以后，封建的中國(guó)逐漸變成半殖民地、半封建的國(guó)家。中國(guó)人民為國(guó)家獨(dú)立、民族解放和民主自由進(jìn)行了前仆后繼的英勇奮斗。
After 1840, feudal China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people waged many successive heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom.

二十世紀(jì)，中國(guó)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的偉大歷史變革。
Great and earthshaking historical changes have taken place in China in the 20th century.

一九一一年孫中山先生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的辛亥革命，廢除了封建帝制，創(chuàng)立了中華民國(guó)。但是，中國(guó)人民反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義和封建主義的歷史任務(wù)還沒(méi)有完成。
The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. But the historic mission of the Chinese people to overthrow imperialism and feudalism remained unaccomplished.

一九四九年，以毛澤東主席為領(lǐng)袖的中國(guó)*領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)各族人民，在經(jīng)歷了長(zhǎng)期的艱難曲折的武裝斗爭(zhēng)和其他形式的斗爭(zhēng)以后，終于推翻了帝國(guó)主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的統(tǒng)治，取得了新民主主義革命的偉大勝利，建立了中華人民共和國(guó)。從此，中國(guó)人民掌握了國(guó)家的權(quán)力，成為國(guó)家的主人。
After waging protracted and arduous struggles, armed and otherwise, along a zigzag course, the Chinese people of all nationalities led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New-Democratic Revolution and founded the People's Republic of China. Since then the Chinese people have taken control of state power and become masters of the country.

中華人民共和國(guó)成立以后，我國(guó)社會(huì)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了由新民主主義到社會(huì)主義的過(guò)渡。
After the founding of the People's Republic, China gradually achieved its transition from a New-Democratic to a socialist society.

生產(chǎn)資料私有制的社會(huì)主義改造已經(jīng)完成，人剝削人的制度已經(jīng)消滅，社會(huì)主義制度已經(jīng)確立。
The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished and the socialist system established.

工人階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專(zhuān)政，實(shí)質(zhì)上即無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)專(zhuān)政，得到鞏固和發(fā)展。
The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed.

中國(guó)人民和中國(guó)人民解放軍戰(zhàn)勝了帝國(guó)主義、霸權(quán)主義的侵略、破壞和武裝挑釁，維護(hù)了國(guó)家的獨(dú)立和安全，增強(qiáng)了國(guó)防。
The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations and have thereby safeguarded China's national independence and security and strengthened its national defence.

經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得了重大的成就，獨(dú)立的、比較完整的社會(huì)主義工業(yè)體系已經(jīng)基本形成，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)顯著提高。教育、科學(xué)、文化等事業(yè)有了很大的發(fā)展，社會(huì)主義思想教育取得了明顯的成效。廣大人民的生活有了較大的改善。
Major successes have been achieved in economic development. An independent and relatively comprehensive socialist system of industry has basically been established. There has been a marked increase in agricultural production. Significant advances have been made in educational, scientific and cultural undertakings, while education in socialist ideology has produced noteworthy results. The life of the people has improved considerably.

中國(guó)新民主主義革命的勝利和社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的成就，都是中國(guó)*領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)各族人民，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想的指引下，堅(jiān)持真理，修正錯(cuò)誤，戰(zhàn)勝許多艱難險(xiǎn)阻而取得的。今后國(guó)家的根本任務(wù)是集中力量進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。中國(guó)各族人民將繼續(xù)在中國(guó)*領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想指引下，堅(jiān)持人民民主專(zhuān)政，堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義道路，不斷完善社會(huì)主義的各項(xiàng)制度，發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主，健全社會(huì)主義法制，自力更生，艱苦奮斗，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、國(guó)防和科學(xué)技術(shù)的現(xiàn)代化，把我國(guó)建設(shè)成為高度文明、高度民主的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。
Both the victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships. The basic task of the nation in the years to come is to concentrate its effort on socialist modernization. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology step by step to turn China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.

在我國(guó)，剝削階級(jí)作為階級(jí)已經(jīng)消滅，但是階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)還將在一定范圍內(nèi)長(zhǎng)期存在。中國(guó)人民對(duì)敵視和破壞我國(guó)社會(huì)主義制度的國(guó)內(nèi)外的敵對(duì)勢(shì)力和敵對(duì)分子，必須進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)。
The exploiting classes as such have been abolished in our country.However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain bounds for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it.

臺(tái)灣是中華人民共和國(guó)的神圣領(lǐng)土的一部分。完成統(tǒng)一祖國(guó)的大業(yè)是包括臺(tái)灣同胞在內(nèi)的全中國(guó)人民的神圣職責(zé)。
Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the inviolable duty of all Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland.

社會(huì)主義的建設(shè)事業(yè)必須依靠工人、農(nóng)民和知識(shí)分子，團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的力量。在長(zhǎng)期的革命和建設(shè)過(guò)程中，已經(jīng)結(jié)成由中國(guó)*領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，有各民主黨派和各人民團(tuán)體參加的，包括全體社會(huì)主義勞動(dòng)者、擁護(hù)社會(huì)主義的愛(ài)國(guó)者和擁護(hù)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一的愛(ài)國(guó)者的廣泛的愛(ài)國(guó)統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)，這個(gè)統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)將繼續(xù)鞏固和發(fā)展。中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議是有廣泛代表性的統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)組織，過(guò)去發(fā)揮了重要的歷史作用，今后在國(guó)家政治生活、社會(huì)生活和對(duì)外友好活動(dòng)中，在進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、維護(hù)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一和團(tuán)結(jié)的斗爭(zhēng)中，將進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮它的重要作用。
In building socialism it is essential to rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and to unite all forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic united front which is composed of the democratic parties and people's organizations and which embraces all socialist working people, all patriots who support socialism and all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country.

中華人民共和國(guó)是全國(guó)各族人民共同締造的統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家。平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助的社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系已經(jīng)確立，并將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)。
The People's Republic of China is a unitary multinational state created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance have been established among the nationalities and will continue to be strengthened.

在維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)的斗爭(zhēng)中，要反對(duì)大民族主義，主要是大漢族主義，也要反對(duì)地方民族主義。國(guó)家盡一切努力，促進(jìn)全國(guó)各民族的共同繁榮。
In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big- nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism. The state will do its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all the nationalities. China's achievements in revolution and construction are inseparable from the support of the people of the world.

中國(guó)革命和建設(shè)的成就是同世界人民的支持分不開(kāi)的。中國(guó)的前途是同世界的前途緊密地聯(lián)系在一起的。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主的對(duì)外政策，堅(jiān)持互相尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、平等互利、和平共處的五項(xiàng)原則，發(fā)展同各國(guó)的外交關(guān)系和經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的交流；
The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. China consistently carries out an independent foreign policy and adheres to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries.

堅(jiān)持反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義、霸權(quán)主義、殖民主義，加強(qiáng)同世界各國(guó)人民的團(tuán)結(jié)，支持被壓迫民族和發(fā)展中國(guó)家爭(zhēng)取和維護(hù)民族獨(dú)立、發(fā)展民族經(jīng)濟(jì)的正義斗爭(zhēng)，為維護(hù)世界和平和促進(jìn)人類(lèi)進(jìn)步事業(yè)而努力。
China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

本憲法以法律的形式確認(rèn)了中國(guó)各族人民奮斗的成果，規(guī)定了國(guó)家的根本制度和根本任務(wù)，是國(guó)家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。
This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state; it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority.

全國(guó)各族人民、一切國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會(huì)團(tuán)體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織，都必須以憲法為根本的活動(dòng)準(zhǔn)則，并且負(fù)有維護(hù)憲法尊嚴(yán)、保證憲法實(shí)施的職責(zé)。
The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

第一章 總 綱
Chapter I General Principles

第一條 中華人民共和國(guó)是工人階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專(zhuān)政的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。
Article 1 The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

社會(huì)主義制度是中華人民共和國(guó)的根本制度。禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人破壞社會(huì)主義制度。
The socialist system is the basic system of the People's Republic of China. Disruption of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

第二條 中華人民共和國(guó)的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。
Article 2 All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people.

人民行使國(guó)家權(quán)力的機(jī)關(guān)是全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)。
The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power.

人民依照法律規(guī)定，通過(guò)各種途徑和形式，管理國(guó)家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會(huì)事務(wù)。
The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

第三條 中華人民共和國(guó)的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)行民主集中制的原則。
Article 3 The state organs of the People's Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)都由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)，受人民監(jiān)督。
The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.

國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會(huì)產(chǎn)生，對(duì)它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督。
All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

中央和地方的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)職權(quán)的劃分，遵循在中央的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，充分發(fā)揮地方的主動(dòng)性、積極性的原則。
The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

第四條 中華人民共和國(guó)各民族一律平等。國(guó)家保障各少數(shù)民族的合法的權(quán)利和利益，維護(hù)和發(fā)展各民族的平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助關(guān)系。
Article 4 All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities.

禁止對(duì)任何民族的歧視和壓迫，禁止破壞民族團(tuán)結(jié)和制造民族分裂的行為。
Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited.

國(guó)家根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點(diǎn)和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展。
The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities.

各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實(shí)行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)。各民族自治地方都是中華人民共和國(guó)不可分離的部分。
Regional autonomy is practised in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are integral parts of the People's Republic of China.

各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語(yǔ)言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的自由。
All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.

第五條 國(guó)家維護(hù)社會(huì)主義法制的統(tǒng)一和尊嚴(yán)。
Article 5 The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system.

一切法律、行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)都不得同憲法相抵觸。
No laws or administrative or local rules and regulations may contravene the Constitution.

一切國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會(huì)團(tuán)體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織都必須遵守憲法和法律。一切違反憲法和法律的行為，必須予以追究。
All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution or the law must be investigated.

任何組織或者個(gè)人都不得有超越憲法和法律的特權(quán)。
No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or the law.

第六條 中華人民共和國(guó)的社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的基礎(chǔ)是生產(chǎn)資料的社會(huì)主義公有制，即全民所有制和勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有制。
Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.

社會(huì)主義公有制消滅人剝削人的制度，實(shí)行各盡所能，按勞分配的原則。
The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his work."

第七條 國(guó)營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是社會(huì)主義全民所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的主導(dǎo)力量。國(guó)家保障國(guó)營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的鞏固和發(fā)展。
Article 7 The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy. The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy.

第八條 農(nóng)村人民公社、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作社和其他生產(chǎn)、供銷(xiāo)、信用、消費(fèi)等各種形式的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)，是社會(huì)主義勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)。
Article 8 Rural people's communes, agricultural producers cooperatives and other forms of cooperatives economy, such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers cooperatives, belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

參加農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的勞動(dòng)者，有權(quán)在法律規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)經(jīng)營(yíng)自留地、自留山、家庭副業(yè)和飼養(yǎng)自留畜。
Working people who are members of rural economic collective have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.

城鎮(zhèn)中的手工業(yè)、工業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、運(yùn)輸業(yè)、商業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)等行業(yè)的各種形式的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)，都是社會(huì)主義勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)。
The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

國(guó)家保護(hù)城鄉(xiāng)集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的合法的權(quán)利和利益，鼓勵(lì)、指導(dǎo)和幫助集體經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collective and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.

第九條 礦藏、水流、森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂等自然資源，都屬于國(guó)家所有，即全民所有；由法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的森林和山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂除外。
Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collective in accordance with the law.

國(guó)家保障自然資源的合理利用，保護(hù)珍貴的動(dòng)物和植物。禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。
The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation or damaging of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十條 城市的土地屬于國(guó)家所有。
Article 10 Land in the cities is owned by the state.

農(nóng)村和城市郊區(qū)的土地，除由法律規(guī)定屬于國(guó)家所有的以外，屬于集體所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也屬于集體所有。
Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives.

國(guó)家為了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律規(guī)定對(duì)土地實(shí)行征用。
The state may, in the public interest, requisition land for its use in accordance with the law.

任何組織或者個(gè)人不得侵占、買(mǎi)賣(mài)、出租或者以其他形式非法轉(zhuǎn)讓土地。
No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or lease land or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means.

一切使用土地的組織和個(gè)人必須合理地利用土地。
All organizations and individuals using land must ensure its rational use.

第十一條 在法律規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)的城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)，是社會(huì)主義公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)的補(bǔ)充。國(guó)家保護(hù)個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的合法的權(quán)利和利益。
Article 11 The individual economy of urban and rural working people, operating within the limits prescribed by law, is a complement to the socialist public economy. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy.

國(guó)家通過(guò)行政管理，指導(dǎo)、幫助和監(jiān)督個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)。
The state guides, assists and supervises the individual economy by administrative control.

第十二條 社會(huì)主義的公共財(cái)產(chǎn)神圣不可侵犯。
Article 12 Socialist public property is inviolable.

國(guó)家保護(hù)社會(huì)主義的公共財(cái)產(chǎn)。禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人用任何手段侵占或者破壞國(guó)家的和集體的財(cái)產(chǎn)。
The state protects socialist public property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十三條 國(guó)家保護(hù)公民的合法的收入、儲(chǔ)蓄、房屋和其他合法財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)。
Article 13 The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property.

國(guó)家依照法律規(guī)定保護(hù)公民的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的繼承權(quán)。
The state protects according to law the right of citizens to inherit private property.

第十四條 國(guó)家通過(guò)提高勞動(dòng)者的積極性和技術(shù)水平，推廣先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，完善經(jīng)濟(jì)管理體制和企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理制度，實(shí)行各種形式的社會(huì)主義責(zé)任制，改進(jìn)勞動(dòng)組織，以不斷提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力。
Article 14 The state continuously raises labour productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving the organization of work.

國(guó)家厲行節(jié)約，反對(duì)浪費(fèi)。
The state practises strict economy and combats waste.

國(guó)家合理安排積累和消費(fèi)，兼顧國(guó)家、集體和個(gè)人的利益，在發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，逐步改善人民的物質(zhì)生活和文化生活。
The state properly apportions accumulation and consumption, concerns itself with the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the state and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people.

第十五條 國(guó)家在社會(huì)主義公有制基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)行計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。國(guó)家通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃的綜合平衡和市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)的輔助作用，保證國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)按比例地協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
Article 15 The state practises planned economy on the basis of socialist public ownership. It ensures the proportionate and coordinated growth of the national economy through overall balancing by economic planning and the supplementary role of regulation by the market.

禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，破壞國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃。
Disturbance of the socioeconomic order or disruption of the state economic plan by any organization or individual is prohibited.

第十六條 國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)在服從國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和全面完成國(guó)家計(jì)劃的前提下，在法律規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)，有經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的自主權(quán)。
Article 16 State enterprises have decision-making power with regard to operation and management within the limits prescribed by law, on condition that they submit to unified leadership by the state and fulfil all their obligations under the state plan.

國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)依照法律規(guī)定，通過(guò)職工代表大會(huì)和其他形式，實(shí)行民主管理。
State enterprises practise democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

第十七條 集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織在接受?chē)?guó)家計(jì)劃指導(dǎo)和遵守有關(guān)法律的前提下，有獨(dú)立進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的自主權(quán)。
Article 17 Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conducting independent economic activities, on condition that they accept the guidance of the state plan and abide by the relevant laws.

集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織依照法律規(guī)定實(shí)行民主管理，由它的全體勞動(dòng)者選舉和罷免管理人員，決定經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的重大問(wèn)題。
Collective economic organizations practise democratic management in accordance with the law. The entire body of their workers elects or removes their managerial personnel and decides on major issues concerning operation and management.

第十八條 中華人民共和國(guó)允許外國(guó)的企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或者個(gè)人依照中華人民共和國(guó)法律的規(guī)定在中國(guó)投資，同中國(guó)的企業(yè)或者其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織進(jìn)行各種形式的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作。
Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other Chinese economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China.

在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)企業(yè)和其他外國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)組織以及中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)，都必須遵守中華人民共和國(guó)的法律。它們的合法的權(quán)利和利益受中華人民共和國(guó)法律的保護(hù)。
All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign joint ventures within Chinese territory shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the law of the People's Republic of China.

第十九條 國(guó)家發(fā)展社會(huì)主義的教育事業(yè)，提高全國(guó)人民的科學(xué)文化水平。
Article 19 The state undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

國(guó)家舉辦各種學(xué)校，普及初等義務(wù)教育，發(fā)展中等教育、職業(yè)教育和高等教育，并且發(fā)展學(xué)前教育。
The state establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory primary education and promotes secondary, vocational and higher education as well as preschool education.

國(guó)家發(fā)展各種教育設(shè)施，掃除文盲，對(duì)工人、農(nóng)民、國(guó)家工作人員和其他勞動(dòng)者進(jìn)行政治、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)、業(yè)務(wù)的教育，鼓勵(lì)自學(xué)成才。
The state develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy and provide political, scientific, technical and professional education as well as general education for workers, peasants, state functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織、國(guó)家企業(yè)事業(yè)組織和其他社會(huì)力量依照法律規(guī)定舉辦各種教育事業(yè)。
The state encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law.

國(guó)家推廣全國(guó)通用的普通話(huà)。
The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation).

第二十條 國(guó)家發(fā)展自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)事業(yè)，普及科學(xué)和技術(shù)知識(shí)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)科學(xué)研究成果和技術(shù)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。
Article 20 The state promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions.

第二十一條 國(guó)家發(fā)展醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥和我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥，鼓勵(lì)和支持農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織、國(guó)家企業(yè)事業(yè)組織和街道組織舉辦各種醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生設(shè)施，開(kāi)展群眾性的衛(wèi)生活動(dòng)，保護(hù)人民健康。
Article 21 The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

國(guó)家發(fā)展體育事業(yè)，開(kāi)展群眾性的體育活動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)。
The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

第二十二條 國(guó)家發(fā)展為人民服務(wù)、為社會(huì)主義服務(wù)的文學(xué)藝術(shù)事業(yè)、新聞廣播電視事業(yè)、出版發(fā)行事業(yè)、圖書(shū)館博物館文化館和其他文化事業(yè)，開(kāi)展群眾性的文化活動(dòng)。
Article 22 The state promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

國(guó)家保護(hù)名勝古跡、珍貴文物和其他重要?dú)v史文化遺產(chǎn)。
The state protects sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other significant items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

第二十三條 國(guó)家培養(yǎng)為社會(huì)主義服務(wù)的各種專(zhuān)業(yè)人才，擴(kuò)大知識(shí)分子的隊(duì)伍，創(chuàng)造條件，充分發(fā)揮他們?cè)谏鐣?huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中的作用。
Article 23 The state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

第二十四條 國(guó)家通過(guò)普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、紀(jì)律和法制教育，通過(guò)在城鄉(xiāng)不同范圍的群眾中制定和執(zhí)行各種守則、公約，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義精神文明的建設(shè)。
Article 24 The state strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

國(guó)家提倡愛(ài)祖國(guó)、愛(ài)人民、愛(ài)勞動(dòng)、愛(ài)科學(xué)、愛(ài)社會(huì)主義的公德，在人民中進(jìn)行愛(ài)國(guó)主義、集體主義和國(guó)際主義、共產(chǎn)主義的教育，進(jìn)行辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的教育，反對(duì)資本主義的、封建主義的和其他的腐朽思想。
The state advocates the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labour, of science and of socialism. It conducts education among the people in patriotism and collectivism, in internationalism and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism, to combat capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas.

第二十五條 國(guó)家推行計(jì)劃生育，使人口的增長(zhǎng)同經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃相適應(yīng)。
Article 25 The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

第二十六條 國(guó)家保護(hù)和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害。
Article 26 The state protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

國(guó)家組織和鼓勵(lì)植樹(shù)造林，保護(hù)林木。
The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

第二十七條 一切國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)實(shí)行精簡(jiǎn)的原則，實(shí)行工作責(zé)任制，實(shí)行工作人員的培訓(xùn)和考核制度，不斷提高工作質(zhì)量和工作效率，反對(duì)官僚主義。
Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

一切國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家工作人員必須依靠人民的支持，經(jīng)常保持同人民的密切聯(lián)系，傾聽(tīng)人民的意見(jiàn)和建議，接受人民的監(jiān)督，努力為人民服務(wù)。
All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them.

第二十八條 國(guó)家維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序，鎮(zhèn)壓叛國(guó)和其他反革命的活動(dòng)，制裁危害社會(huì)治安、破壞社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)和其他犯罪的活動(dòng)，懲辦和改造犯罪分子。
Article 28 The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

第二十九條 中華人民共和國(guó)的武裝力量屬于人民。
Article 29 The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people.

它的任務(wù)是鞏固國(guó)防，抵抗侵略，保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)，保衛(wèi)人民的和平勞動(dòng)，參加國(guó)家建設(shè)事業(yè)，努力為人民服務(wù)。
Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction and do their best to serve the people.

國(guó)家加強(qiáng)武裝力量的革命化、現(xiàn)代化、正規(guī)化的建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)國(guó)防力量。
The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase national defence capability.

第三十條 中華人民共和國(guó)的行政區(qū)域劃分如下：
Article 30 The administrative division of the People's Republic of China is as follows:

（一）全國(guó)分為省、自治區(qū)、直轄市；
(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（二）省、自治區(qū)分為自治州、縣、自治縣、市；
(2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（三）縣、自治縣分為鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。
(3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, and towns.

直轄市和較大的市分為區(qū)、縣。自治州分為縣、自治縣、市。
Municipalities directly under the Central Government and other large cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣都是民族自治地方。
All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas.

第三十一條 國(guó)家在必要時(shí)得設(shè)立特別行政區(qū)。在特別行政區(qū)內(nèi)實(shí)行的制度按照具體情況由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)以法律規(guī)定。
Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of specific conditions.

第三十二條 中華人民共和國(guó)保護(hù)在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)人的合法權(quán)利和利益，在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的外國(guó)人必須遵守中華人民共和國(guó)的法律。
Article 32 The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory; foreigners on Chinese territory must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)于因?yàn)檎�治原因要求避難的外國(guó)人，可以給予受庇護(hù)的權(quán)利。
The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

第二章 公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

第三十三條 凡具有中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)籍的人都是中華人民共和國(guó)公民。
Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國(guó)公民在法律面前一律平等。
All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law.

任何公民享有憲法和法律規(guī)定的權(quán)利，同時(shí)必須履行憲法和法律規(guī)定的義務(wù)。
Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

第三十四條 中華人民共和國(guó)年滿(mǎn)十八周歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)；但是依照法律被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人除外。
Article 34 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

第三十五條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有言論、出版、集會(huì)、結(jié)社、游行、示威的自由。
Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

第三十六條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有宗教信仰自由。
Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.

任何國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人不得強(qiáng)制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧視信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。
No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.

國(guó)家保護(hù)正常的宗教活動(dòng)。任何人不得利用宗教進(jìn)行破壞社會(huì)秩序、損害公民身體健康、妨礙國(guó)家教育制度的活動(dòng)。
The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state.

宗教團(tuán)體和宗教事務(wù)不受外國(guó)勢(shì)力的支配。
Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.

第三十七條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民的人身自由不受侵犯。
Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.

任何公民，非經(jīng)人民檢察院批準(zhǔn)或者決定或者人民法院決定，并由公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行，不受逮捕。
No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剝奪或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身體。
Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

第三十八條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民的人格尊嚴(yán)不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法對(duì)公民進(jìn)行侮辱、誹謗和誣告陷害。
Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false accusation or false incrimination directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

第三十九條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。
Article 39 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

第四十條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保護(hù)。除因國(guó)家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安機(jī)關(guān)或者檢察機(jī)關(guān)依照法律規(guī)定的程序?qū)νㄐ胚M(jìn)行檢查外，任何組織或者個(gè)人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。
Article 40 Freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens freedom and privacy of correspondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of state security or of criminal investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

第四十一條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民對(duì)于任何國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家工作人員，有提出批評(píng)和建議的權(quán)利；對(duì)于任何國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家工作人員的違法失職行為，有向有關(guān)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)提出申訴、控告或者檢舉的權(quán)利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事實(shí)進(jìn)行誣告陷害。
Article 41 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of duty; but fabrication or distortion of facts for purposes of libel or false incrimination is prohibited.

對(duì)于公民的申訴、控告或者檢舉，有關(guān)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)必須查清事實(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)處理。
The state organ concerned must deal with complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens in a responsible manner after ascertaining the facts.

任何人不得壓制和打擊報(bào)復(fù)。
No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures or retaliate against the citizens making them.

由于國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家工作人員侵犯公民權(quán)利而受到損失的人，有依照法律規(guī)定取得賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。
Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the law.

第四十二條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有勞動(dòng)的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
Article 42 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work.

國(guó)家通過(guò)各種途徑，創(chuàng)造勞動(dòng)就業(yè)條件，加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)，改善勞動(dòng)條件，并在發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，提高勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬和福利待遇。
Through various channels, the state creates conditions for employment, enhances occupational safety and health, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and welfare benefits.

勞動(dòng)是一切有勞動(dòng)能力的公民的光榮職責(zé)。國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)和城鄉(xiāng)集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的勞動(dòng)者都應(yīng)當(dāng)以國(guó)家主人翁的態(tài)度對(duì)待自己的勞動(dòng)。
Work is a matter of honour for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in state enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should approach their work as the masters of the country that they are.

國(guó)家提倡社會(huì)主義勞動(dòng)競(jìng)賽，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)勞動(dòng)模范和先進(jìn)工作者。國(guó)家提倡公民從事義務(wù)勞動(dòng)。
The state promotes socialist labour emulation, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The state encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labour.

國(guó)家對(duì)就業(yè)前的公民進(jìn)行必要的勞動(dòng)就業(yè)訓(xùn)練。
The state provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed.

第四十三條 中華人民共和國(guó)勞動(dòng)者有休息的權(quán)利。
Article 43 Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest.

國(guó)家發(fā)展勞動(dòng)者休息和休養(yǎng)的設(shè)施，規(guī)定職工的工作時(shí)間和休假制度。
The state expands facilities for the rest and recuperation of the working people and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff.

第四十四條 國(guó)家依照法律規(guī)定實(shí)行企業(yè)事業(yè)組織的職工和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員的退休制度。退休人員的生活受到國(guó)家和社會(huì)的保障。
Article 44 The state applies the system of retirement for workers and staff of enterprises and institutions and for functionaries of organs of state according to law. The livelihood of retired personnel is ensured by the state and society.

第四十五條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民在年老、疾病或者喪失勞動(dòng)能力的情況下，有從國(guó)家和社會(huì)獲得物質(zhì)幫助的權(quán)利。
Article 45 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill or disabled.

國(guó)家發(fā)展為公民享受這些權(quán)利所需要的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)救濟(jì)和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。
The state develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services that are required for citizens to enjoy this right.

國(guó)家和社會(huì)保障殘廢軍人的生活，撫恤烈士家屬，優(yōu)待軍人家屬。
The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel.

國(guó)家和社會(huì)幫助安排盲、聾、啞和其他有殘疾的公民的勞動(dòng)、生活和教育。
The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens.

第四十六條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有受教育的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
Article 46 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education.

國(guó)家培養(yǎng)青年、少年、兒童在品德、智力、體質(zhì)等方面全面發(fā)展。
The state promotes the all-round development of children and young people, morally, intellectually and physically.

第四十七條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究、文學(xué)藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和其他文化活動(dòng)的自由。國(guó)家對(duì)于從事教育、科學(xué)、技術(shù)、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和其他文化事業(yè)的公民的有益于人民的創(chuàng)造性工作，給以鼓勵(lì)和幫助。
Article 47 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural pursuits. The state encourages and assists creative endeavors conducive to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural work.

第四十八條 中華人民共和國(guó)婦女在政治的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化的、社會(huì)的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的權(quán)利。
Article 48 Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life.

國(guó)家保護(hù)婦女的權(quán)利和利益，實(shí)行男女同工同酬，培養(yǎng)和選拔婦女干部。
The state protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike and trains and selects cadres from among women.

第四十九條 婚姻、家庭、母親和兒童受?chē)?guó)家的保護(hù)。
Article 49 Marriage, the family and mother and child are protected by the state.

夫妻雙方有實(shí)行計(jì)劃生育的義務(wù)。
Both husband and wife have the duty to practise family planning.

父母有撫養(yǎng)教育未成年子女的義務(wù)，成年子女有贍養(yǎng)扶助父母的義務(wù)。
Parents have the duty to rear and educate their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited.

禁止破壞婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、婦女和兒童。
Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited.

第五十條 中華人民共和國(guó)保護(hù)華僑的正當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)利和利益，保護(hù)歸僑和僑眷的合法的權(quán)利和利益。
Article 50 The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protects the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad.

第五十一條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民在行使自由和權(quán)利的時(shí)候，不得損害國(guó)家的、社會(huì)的、集體的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和權(quán)利。
Article 51 Citizens of the People's Republic of China, in exercising their freedoms and rights, may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society or of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

第五十二條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和全國(guó)各民族團(tuán)結(jié)的義務(wù)。
Article 52 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the unification of the country and the unity of all its nationalities.

第五十三條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民必須遵守憲法和法律，保守國(guó)家秘密，愛(ài)護(hù)公共財(cái)產(chǎn)，遵守勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社會(huì)公德。
Article 53 Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe labour discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

第五十四條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有維護(hù)祖國(guó)的安全、榮譽(yù)和利益的義務(wù)，不得有危害祖國(guó)的安全、榮譽(yù)和利益的行為。
Article 54 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental to the security, honour and interests of the motherland.

第五十五條 保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)、抵抗侵略是中華人民共和國(guó)每一個(gè)公民的神圣職責(zé)。
Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression.

依照法律服兵役和參加民兵組織是中華人民共和國(guó)公民的光榮義務(wù)。
It is the honorable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join the militia in accordance with the law.

第五十六條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民有依照法律納稅的義務(wù)。
Article 56 It is duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu) 第一節(jié) 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)
Chapter III The Structure of the State Section 1 The National People's Congress

第五十七條 中華人民共和國(guó)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。它的常設(shè)機(jī)關(guān)是全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)。
Article 57 The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第五十八條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)行使國(guó)家立法權(quán)。
Article 58 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

第五十九條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和軍隊(duì)選出的代表組成。各少數(shù)民族都應(yīng)當(dāng)有適當(dāng)名額的代表。
Article 59 The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and of deputies elected from the armed forces. All the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表的選舉由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)主持。
Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表名額和代表產(chǎn)生辦法由法律規(guī)定。
The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the procedure of their election are prescribed by law.

第六十條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期五年。
Article 60 The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)任期屆滿(mǎn)的兩個(gè)月以前，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)必須完成下屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表的選舉。
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress must ensure the completion of election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress two months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the current National People's Congress.

如果遇到不能進(jìn)行選舉的非常情況，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)以全體組成人員的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過(guò)，可以推遲選舉，延長(zhǎng)本屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)的任期。
Should extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People's Congress extended by the decision of a vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress.

在非常情況結(jié)束后一年內(nèi)，必須完成下屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表的選舉。
The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such extraordinary circumstances.

第六十一條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議每年舉行一次，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)召集。如果全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)認(rèn)為必要，或者有五分之一以上的全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表提議，可以臨時(shí)召集全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議。
Article 61 The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems it necessary or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)舉行會(huì)議的時(shí)候，選舉主席團(tuán)主持會(huì)議。
When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a Presidium to conduct its session.

第六十二條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)行使下列職權(quán)：
Article 62 The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）修改憲法；
(1) to amend the Constitution;

（二）監(jiān)督憲法的實(shí)施；
(2) to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution;

（三）制定和修改刑事、民事、國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)的和其他的基本法律；
(3) to enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters;

（四）選舉中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席；
(4) to elect the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（五）根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)主席的提名，決定國(guó)務(wù)院總理的人選；根據(jù)國(guó)務(wù)院總理的提名，決定國(guó)務(wù)院副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員、各部部長(zhǎng)、各委員會(huì)主任、審計(jì)長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的人選；
(5) to decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China, and on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;

（六）選舉中央軍事委員會(huì)主席；根據(jù)中央軍事委員會(huì)主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會(huì)其他組成人員的人選；
(6) to elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon nomination by the Chairman, to decide on the choice of all other members of the Central Military Commission;

（七）選舉最高人民法院院長(zhǎng)；
(7) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（八）選舉最高人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)；
(8) to elect the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（九）審查和批準(zhǔn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃和計(jì)劃執(zhí)行情況的報(bào)告；
(9) to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;

（十）審查和批準(zhǔn)國(guó)家的預(yù)算和預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況的報(bào)告；
(10) to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation;

（十一）改變或者撤銷(xiāo)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定；
(11) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress;

（十二）批準(zhǔn)省、自治區(qū)和直轄市的建置；
(12) to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十三）決定特別行政區(qū)的設(shè)立及其制度；
(13) to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;

（十四）決定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和和平的問(wèn)題；
(14) to decide on questions of war and peace;

（十五）應(yīng)當(dāng)由最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)行使的其他職權(quán)。
and (15) to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.

第六十三條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)有權(quán)罷免下列人員：
Article 63 The National People's Congress has the power to remove from office the following persons:

（一）中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席；
(1) the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（二）國(guó)務(wù)院總理、副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員、各部部長(zhǎng)、各委員會(huì)主任、審計(jì)長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)；
(2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council;

（三）中央軍事委員會(huì)主席和中央軍事委員會(huì)其他組成人員；
(3) the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Commission;

（四）最高人民法院院長(zhǎng)；
(4) the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（五）最高人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)。
and (5) the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

第六十四條 憲法的修改，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)或者五分之一以上的全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表提議，并由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)以全體代表的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過(guò)。
Article 64 Amendments to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and adopted by a vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress.

法律和其他議案由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)以全體代表的過(guò)半數(shù)通過(guò)。
Laws and resolutions are to be adopted by a majority vote of all the deputies to the National People's Congress.

第六十五條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)由下列人員組成：
Article 65 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following:

委員長(zhǎng)，副委員長(zhǎng)若干人，秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)，委員若干人。
the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen; the Secretary-General; and the members.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)組成人員中，應(yīng)當(dāng)有適當(dāng)名額的少數(shù)民族代表。
Minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)選舉并有權(quán)罷免全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的組成人員。
The National People's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, members of its Standing Committee.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的組成人員不得擔(dān)任國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)和檢察機(jī)關(guān)的職務(wù)。
No one on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold office in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.

第六十六條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同，它行使職權(quán)到下屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)選出新的常務(wù)委員會(huì)為止。
Article 66 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress.

委員長(zhǎng)、副委員長(zhǎng)連續(xù)任職不得超過(guò)兩屆。
The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第六十七條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)行使下列職權(quán)：
Article 67 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）解釋?xiě)椃ǎ�監(jiān)督憲法的實(shí)施；
(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;

（二）制定和修改除應(yīng)當(dāng)由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制定的法律以外的其他法律；
(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by the National People's Congress;

（三）在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制定的法律進(jìn)行部分補(bǔ)充和修改，但是不得同該法律的基本原則相抵觸；
(3) to partially supplement and amend, when the National People's Congress is not in session, laws enacted by the National People's Congress provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;

（四）解釋法律；
(4) to interpret laws;

（五）在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，審查和批準(zhǔn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃、國(guó)家預(yù)算在執(zhí)行過(guò)程中所必須作的部分調(diào)整方案；
(5) to review and approve, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development or to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation;

（六）監(jiān)督國(guó)務(wù)院、中央軍事委員會(huì)、最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院的工作；
(6) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（七）撤銷(xiāo)國(guó)務(wù)院制定的同憲法、法律相抵觸的行政法規(guī)、決定和命令；
(7) to annul those admin, istrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law;

（八）撤銷(xiāo)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)制定的同憲法、法律和行政法規(guī)相抵觸的地方性法規(guī)和決議；
(8) to annul those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the law or the administrative rules and regulations;

（九）在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，根據(jù)國(guó)務(wù)院總理的提名，決定部長(zhǎng)、委員會(huì)主任、審計(jì)長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)的人選；
(9) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General or the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council;

（十）在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，根據(jù)中央軍事委員會(huì)主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會(huì)其他組成人員的人選；
(10) to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of other members of the Commission, when the National People's Congress is not in session;

（十一）根據(jù)最高人民法院院長(zhǎng)的提請(qǐng)，任免最高人民法院副院長(zhǎng)、審判員、審判委員會(huì)委員和軍事法院院長(zhǎng)；
(11) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice-Presidents and Judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court;

（十二）根據(jù)最高人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)的提請(qǐng)，任免最高人民檢察院副檢察長(zhǎng)、檢察員、檢察委員會(huì)委員和軍事檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)，并且批準(zhǔn)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)的任免；
(12) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurators-General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procurator of the Military Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十三）決定駐外全權(quán)代表的任免；
(13) to decide on the appointment or recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;

（十四）決定同外國(guó)締結(jié)的條約和重要協(xié)定的批準(zhǔn)和廢除；
(14) to decide on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states;

（十五）規(guī)定軍人和外交人員的銜級(jí)制度和其他專(zhuān)門(mén)銜級(jí)制度；
(15) to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks;

（十六）規(guī)定和決定授予國(guó)家的勛章和榮譽(yù)稱(chēng)號(hào)；
(16) to institute state medals and titles of honour and decide on their conferment;

（十七）決定特赦；
(17) to decide on the granting of special pardons;

（十八）在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，如果遇到國(guó)家遭受武裝侵犯或者必須履行國(guó)際間共同防止侵略的條約的情況，決定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)的宣布；
(18) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defence against aggression;

（十九）決定全國(guó)總動(dòng)員或者局部動(dòng)員；
(19) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization;

（二十）決定全國(guó)或者個(gè)別省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的戒嚴(yán)；
(20) to decide on the imposition of martial law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（二十一）全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)授予的其他職權(quán)。
and (21) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress may assign to it.

第六十八條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)委員長(zhǎng)主持全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的工作，召集全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)會(huì)議。副委員長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)協(xié)助委員長(zhǎng)工作。
Article 68 The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress directs the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General assist the Chairman in his work.

委員長(zhǎng)、副委員長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)組成委員長(zhǎng)會(huì)議，處理全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的重要日常工作。
The Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General constitute the Council of Chairmen which handles the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第六十九條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。
Article 69 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work to the Congress.

第七十條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)設(shè)立民族委員會(huì)、法律委員會(huì)、財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)、教育科學(xué)文化衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)、外事委員會(huì)、華僑委員會(huì)和其他需要設(shè)立的專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)。
Article 70 The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee, a Finance and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee and such other special committees as are necessary.

在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，各專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)受全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session.

各專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，研究、審議和擬訂有關(guān)議案。
The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十一條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)認(rèn)為必要的時(shí)候，可以組織關(guān)于特定問(wèn)題的調(diào)查委員會(huì)，并且根據(jù)調(diào)查委員會(huì)的報(bào)告，作出相應(yīng)的決議。
Article 71 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.

調(diào)查委員會(huì)進(jìn)行調(diào)查的時(shí)候，一切有關(guān)的國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和公民都有義務(wù)向它提供必要的材料。
All organs of state, public organizations and citizens concerned are obliged to furnish necessary information to the committees of inquiry when they conduct investigations.

第七十二條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)組成人員，有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序分別提出屬于全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的議案。
Article 72 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十三條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)開(kāi)會(huì)期間，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)組成人員在常務(wù)委員會(huì)開(kāi)會(huì)期間，有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序提出對(duì)國(guó)務(wù)院或者國(guó)務(wù)院各部、各委員會(huì)的質(zhì)詢(xún)案。受質(zhì)詢(xún)的機(jī)關(guān)必須負(fù)責(zé)答復(fù)。
Article 73 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Standing Committee have the right, during the sessions of the Congress and the meetings of the Committee, to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council, which must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

第七十四條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表，非經(jīng)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議主席團(tuán)許可，在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間非經(jīng)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)許可，不受逮捕或者刑事審判。
Article 74 No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

第七十五條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)各種會(huì)議上的發(fā)言和表決，不受法律追究。
Article 75 Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be held legally liable for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

第七十六條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表必須模范地遵守憲法和法律，保守國(guó)家秘密，并且在自己參加的生產(chǎn)、工作和社會(huì)活動(dòng)中，協(xié)助憲法和法律的實(shí)施。
Article 76 Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in public activities, production and other work, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表應(yīng)當(dāng)同原選舉單位和人民保持密切的聯(lián)系，聽(tīng)取和反映人民的意見(jiàn)和要求，努力為人民服務(wù)。
Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units which elected them and with the people, heed and convey the opinions and demands of the people and work hard to serve them.

第七十七條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表受原選舉單位的監(jiān)督。原選舉單位有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序罷免本單位選出的代表。
Article 77 Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to supervision by the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies they elected.

第七十八條 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的組織和工作程序由法律規(guī)定。
Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.

第二節(jié) 中華人民共和國(guó)主席
Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China

第七十九條 中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)選舉。
Article 79 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress.

有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)的年滿(mǎn)四十五周歲的中華人民共和國(guó)公民可以被選為中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席。
Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice-President of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過(guò)兩屆。
The term of office of the President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and they shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第八十條 中華人民共和國(guó)主席根據(jù)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)的決定和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的決定，公布法律，任免國(guó)務(wù)院總理、副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員、各部部長(zhǎng)、各委員會(huì)主任、審計(jì)長(zhǎng)、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)，授予國(guó)家的勛章和榮譽(yù)稱(chēng)號(hào)，發(fā)布特赦令，發(fā)布戒嚴(yán)令，宣布戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)，發(fā)布動(dòng)員令。
Article 80 The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of the decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates statutes, appoints or removes the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council; confers state medals and titles of honour; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

第八十一條 中華人民共和國(guó)主席代表中華人民共和國(guó)，接受外國(guó)使節(jié)；根據(jù)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的決定，派遣和召回駐外全權(quán)代表，批準(zhǔn)和廢除同外國(guó)締結(jié)的條約和重要協(xié)定。
Article 81 The President of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

第八十二條 中華人民共和國(guó)副主席協(xié)助主席工作。
Article 82 The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China assists the President in his work.

中華人民共和國(guó)副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分職權(quán)。
The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such functions and powers of the President as the President may entrust to him.

第八十三條 中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席行使職權(quán)到下屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)選出的主席、副主席就職為止。
Article 83 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice- President elected by the succeeding National People's Congress assume office.

第八十四條 中華人民共和國(guó)主席缺位的時(shí)候，由副主席繼任主席的職位。
Article 84 In the event that the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office of the President.

中華人民共和國(guó)副主席缺位的時(shí)候，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)補(bǔ)選。
In the event that the office of the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice-President to fill the vacancy.

中華人民共和國(guó)主席、副主席都缺位的時(shí)候，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)補(bǔ)選；在補(bǔ)選以前，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)委員長(zhǎng)暫時(shí)代理主席職位。
In the event that the office of both the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice-President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.

第三節(jié) 國(guó)務(wù)院
Section 3 The State Council

第八十五條 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院，即中央人民政府，是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)，是最高國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.

第八十六條 國(guó)務(wù)院由下列人員組成：
Article 86 The State Council is composed of the following:

總理，副總理若干人，國(guó)務(wù)委員若干人，各部部長(zhǎng)，各委員會(huì)主任，審計(jì)長(zhǎng)，秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)，
the Premier; the Vice-Premiers; the State Councillors; the Ministers in charge of ministries; the Ministers in charge of commissions; the Auditor-General; and the Secretary-General.

國(guó)務(wù)院實(shí)行總理負(fù)責(zé)制。各部、各委員會(huì)實(shí)行部長(zhǎng)、主任負(fù)責(zé)制。國(guó)務(wù)院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The Premier assumes overall responsibility for the work of the State Council. The Ministers assume overall responsibility for the work of the ministries and commissions. The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.

第八十七條 國(guó)務(wù)院每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同。
Article 87 The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

總理、副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員連續(xù)任職不得超過(guò)兩屆。
The Premier, Vice-Premiers and State Councillors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第八十八條 總理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國(guó)務(wù)院的工作。副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員協(xié)助總理工作。
Article 88 The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice-Premiers and State Councillors assist the Premier in his work.

總理、副總理、國(guó)務(wù)委員、秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)組成國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議。
Executive meetings of the State Council are to be attended by the Premier, the Vice-Premiers, the State Councillors and the Secretary-General of the State Council.

總理召集和主持國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議和國(guó)務(wù)院全體會(huì)議。
The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

第八十九條 國(guó)務(wù)院行使下列職權(quán)：
Article 89 The State Council exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）根據(jù)憲法和法律，規(guī)定行政措施，制定行政法規(guī)，發(fā)布決定和命令；
(1) to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law;

（二）向全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)或者全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)提出議案；
(2) to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;

（三）規(guī)定各部和各委員會(huì)的任務(wù)和職責(zé)，統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)各部和各委員會(huì)的工作，并且領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不屬于各部和各委員會(huì)的全國(guó)性的行政工作；
(3) to formulate the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions and to direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions;

（四）統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國(guó)地方各級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)的工作，規(guī)定中央和省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)的具體劃分；
(4) to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at various levels throughout the country, and to formulate the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（五）編制和執(zhí)行國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃和國(guó)家預(yù)算；
(5) to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget;

（六）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)；
(6) to direct and administer economic affairs and urban and rural development;

（七）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育和計(jì)劃生育工作；
(7) to direct and administer the affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning;

（八）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理民政、公安、司法行政和監(jiān)察等工作；
(8) to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, supervision and other related matters;

（九）管理對(duì)外事務(wù)，同外國(guó)締結(jié)條約和協(xié)定；
(9) to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states;

（十）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理國(guó)防建設(shè)事業(yè)；
(10) to direct and administer the building of national defence;

（十一）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理民族事務(wù)，保障少數(shù)民族的平等權(quán)利和民族自治地方的自治權(quán)利；
(11) to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right to autonomy of the national autonomous areas;

（十二）保護(hù)華僑的正當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)利和利益，保護(hù)歸僑和僑眷的合法的權(quán)利和利益；
(12) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad;

（十三）改變或者撤銷(xiāo)各部、各委員會(huì)發(fā)布的不適當(dāng)?shù)拿�令、指示和�?guī)章；
(13) to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions;

（十四）改變或者撤銷(xiāo)地方各級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)的不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定和命令；
(14) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at various levels;

（十五）批準(zhǔn)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的區(qū)域劃分，批準(zhǔn)自治州、縣、自治縣、市的建置和區(qū)域劃分；
(15) to approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（十六）決定省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的范圍內(nèi)部分地區(qū)的戒嚴(yán)；
(16) to decide on the imposition of martial law in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十七）審定行政機(jī)構(gòu)的編制，依照法律規(guī)定任免、培訓(xùn)、考核和獎(jiǎng)懲行政人員；
(17) to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint or remove administrative officials, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them;

（十八）全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)授予的其他職權(quán)。
and (18) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign to it.

第九十條 國(guó)務(wù)院各部部長(zhǎng)、各委員會(huì)主任負(fù)責(zé)本部門(mén)的工作；召集和主持部務(wù)會(huì)議或者委員會(huì)會(huì)議、委務(wù)會(huì)議，討論決定本部門(mén)工作的重大問(wèn)題。
Article 90 Ministers in charge of the ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and they convene and preside over ministerial meetings or general and executive meetings of the commissions to discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments.

各部、各委員會(huì)根據(jù)法律和國(guó)務(wù)院的行政法規(guī)、決定、命令，在本部門(mén)的權(quán)限內(nèi)，發(fā)布命令、指示和規(guī)章。
The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments and in accordance with the law and the administrative rules and regulations, decisions and orders issued by the State Council.

第九十一條 國(guó)務(wù)院設(shè)立審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)，對(duì)國(guó)務(wù)院各部門(mén)和地方各級(jí)政府的財(cái)政收支，對(duì)國(guó)家的財(cái)政金融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)事業(yè)組織的財(cái)務(wù)收支，進(jìn)行審計(jì)監(jiān)督。
Article 91 The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at various levels, and the revenue and expenditure of all financial and monetary organizations, enterprises and institutions of the state.

審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)在國(guó)務(wù)院總理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，依照法律規(guī)定獨(dú)立行使審計(jì)監(jiān)督權(quán)，不受其他行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。
Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ or any public organization or individual.

第九十二條 國(guó)務(wù)院對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作；在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。
Article 92 The State Council is responsible and reports on its work to the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu) 第四節(jié) 中央軍事委員會(huì)
Section 4 The Central Military Commission

第九十三條 中華人民共和國(guó)中央軍事委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國(guó)武裝力量。
Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.

中央軍事委員會(huì)由下列人員組成：主席，副主席若干人，委員若干人，
The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen; and the members.

中央軍事委員會(huì)實(shí)行主席負(fù)責(zé)制。
The Chairman assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission.

中央軍事委員會(huì)每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同。
The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

第九十四條 中央軍事委員會(huì)主席對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。
Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu) 第五節(jié) 地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì) 和地方各級(jí)人民政府
Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

第九十五條 省、直轄市、縣、市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立人民代表大會(huì)和人民政府#.
Article 95 People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns.

地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民政府的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels is prescribed by law.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)。自治機(jī)關(guān)的組織和工作根據(jù)憲法第三章第五節(jié)、第六節(jié)規(guī)定的基本原則由法律規(guī)定。
Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections 5 and 6 of Chapter III of the Constitution.

第九十六條 地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)是地方國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 96 Local people's congresses at various levels are local organs of state power.

縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)設(shè)立常務(wù)委員會(huì)。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees.

第九十七條 省、直轄市、設(shè)區(qū)的市的人民代表大會(huì)代表由下一級(jí)的人民代表大會(huì)選舉；縣、不設(shè)區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會(huì)代表由選民直接選舉。
Article 97 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies.

地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表名額和代表產(chǎn)生辦法由法律規(guī)定。
The number of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

第九十八條 省、直轄市、設(shè)區(qū)的市的人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期五年。縣、不設(shè)區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期三年。
Article 98 The term of office of the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts is five years. The term of office of the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns is three years.

第九十九條 地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)在本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)，保證憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)的遵守和執(zhí)行；依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限，通過(guò)和發(fā)布決議，審查和決定地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)和公共事業(yè)建設(shè)的計(jì)劃。
Article 99 Local people's congresses at various levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution and the law and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.

縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)審查和批準(zhǔn)本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃、預(yù)算以及它們的執(zhí)行情況的報(bào)告；有權(quán)改變或者撤銷(xiāo)本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas and examine and approve the reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.

民族鄉(xiāng)的人民代表大會(huì)可以依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限采取適合民族特點(diǎn)的具體措施。
The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities concerned.

第一百條 省、直轄市的人民代表大會(huì)和它們的常務(wù)委員會(huì)，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規(guī)，報(bào)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)備案。
Article 100 The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government and their standing committees may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution and the law and administrative rules and regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第一百零一條 地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)分別選舉并且有權(quán)罷免本級(jí)人民政府的省長(zhǎng)和副省長(zhǎng)、市長(zhǎng)和副市長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)和副縣長(zhǎng)、區(qū)長(zhǎng)和副區(qū)長(zhǎng)、鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)和副鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)、鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)和副鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)。
Article 101 Local people's congresses at their respective levels elect and have the power to recall governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns.

縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)選舉并且有權(quán)罷免本級(jí)人民法院院長(zhǎng)和本級(jí)人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)。選出或者罷免人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)，須報(bào)上級(jí)人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)提請(qǐng)?jiān)摷?jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

第一百零二條 省、直轄市、設(shè)區(qū)的市的人民代表大會(huì)代表受原選舉單位的監(jiān)督；縣、不設(shè)區(qū)的市、市轄區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民代表大會(huì)代表受選民的監(jiān)督。
Article 102 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies.

地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表的選舉單位和選民有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序罷免由他們選出的代表。
The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at various levels have the power to recall the deputies according to procedures prescribed by law.

第一百零三條 縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)由主任、副主任若干人和委員若干人組成，對(duì)本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。
Article 103 The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice-chairmen and members, and is responsible and reports on its work to the people's congress at the corresponding level.

縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)選舉并有權(quán)罷免本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的組成人員。
A local people's congress at or above the county level elects, and has the power to recall, members of its standing committee.

縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)的組成人員不得擔(dān)任國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)和檢察機(jī)關(guān)的職務(wù)。
No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs.

第一百零四條 縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)討論、決定本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)各方面工作的重大事項(xiàng)；監(jiān)督本級(jí)人民政府、人民法院和人民檢察院的工作；
Article 104 The standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level;

撤銷(xiāo)本級(jí)人民政府的不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定和命令；撤銷(xiāo)下一級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)的不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q議；依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限決定國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員的任免；在本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，罷免和補(bǔ)選上一級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)的個(gè)別代表。
annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment or removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.

第一百零五條 地方各級(jí)人民政府是地方各級(jí)國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)，是地方各級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 105 Local people's governments at various levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding levels.

地方各級(jí)人民政府實(shí)行省長(zhǎng)、市長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)、區(qū)長(zhǎng)、鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)、鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制。
Governors, mayors and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns assume overall responsibility for local people's governments at various levels.

第一百零六條 地方各級(jí)人民政府每屆任期同本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同。
Article 106 The term of office of local people's governments at various levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels.

第一百零七條 縣級(jí)以上地方各級(jí)人民政府依照法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限，管理本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)事業(yè)和財(cái)政、民政、公安、民族事務(wù)、司法行政、監(jiān)察、計(jì)劃生育等行政工作，發(fā)布決定和命令，任免、培訓(xùn)、考核和獎(jiǎng)懲行政工作人員。
Article 107 Local people's governments at and above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct administrative work concerning the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs, judicial administration, supervision and family planning in their respective administrative areas; issue decisions and orders; appoint or remove administrative functionaries, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them.

鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的人民政府執(zhí)行本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)的決議和上級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)的決定和命令，管理本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的行政工作。
People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns execute the resolutions of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas.

省、直轄市的人民政府決定鄉(xiāng)、民族鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)的建置和區(qū)域劃分。
People's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

第一百零八條 縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)所屬各工作部門(mén)和下級(jí)人民政府的工作，有權(quán)改變或者撤銷(xiāo)所屬各工作部門(mén)和下級(jí)人民政府的不適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定。
Article 108 Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and of the people's governments at lower levels.

第一百零九條 縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民政府設(shè)立審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)。地方各級(jí)審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)依照法律規(guī)定獨(dú)立行使審計(jì)監(jiān)督權(quán)，對(duì)本級(jí)人民政府和上一級(jí)審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)。
Article 109 Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at various levels independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

第一百一十條 地方各級(jí)人民政府對(duì)本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。縣級(jí)以上的地方各級(jí)人民政府在本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，對(duì)本級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。
Article 110 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to people's congresses at the corresponding levels. Local people's governments at and above the county level are responsible and report on their work to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels when the congresses are not in session.

地方各級(jí)人民政府對(duì)上一級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。
Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to the state administrative organs at the next higher level.

全國(guó)地方各級(jí)人民政府都是國(guó)務(wù)院統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)，都服從國(guó)務(wù)院。
Local people's governments at various levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it.

第一百一十一條 城市和農(nóng)村按居民居住地區(qū)設(shè)立的居民委員會(huì)或者村民委員會(huì)是基層群眾性自治組織。居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)的主任、副主任和委員由居民選舉。居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)同基層政權(quán)的相互關(guān)系由法律規(guī)定。
Article 111 The residents committees and villagers committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass-roots level. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of each residents or villagers committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents and villagers committees and the grass-roots organs of state power is prescribed by law.

居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)設(shè)人民調(diào)解、治安保衛(wèi)、公共衛(wèi)生等委員會(huì)，辦理本居住地區(qū)的公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)，調(diào)解民間糾紛，協(xié)助維護(hù)社會(huì)治安，并且向人民政府反映群眾的意見(jiàn)、要求和提出建議。
The residents and villagers committees establish sub-committees for people's mediation, public security, public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order and convey residents opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu) 第六節(jié) 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)
Section 6 The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

第一百一十二條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)是自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會(huì)和人民政府。
Article 112 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.

第一百一十三條 自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會(huì)中，除實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的代表外，其他居住在本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的民族也應(yīng)當(dāng)有適當(dāng)名額的代表。
Article 113 In the people's congress of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.

自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中應(yīng)當(dāng)有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任。
Among the chairman and vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county there shall be one or more citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十四條 自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長(zhǎng)、自治縣縣長(zhǎng)由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。
Article 114 The chairman of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county shall be a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十五條 自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的自治機(jī)關(guān)行使憲法第三章第五節(jié)規(guī)定的地方國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)，同時(shí)依照憲法、民族區(qū)域自治法和其他法律規(guī)定的權(quán)限行使自治權(quán)，根據(jù)本地方實(shí)際情況貫徹執(zhí)行國(guó)家的法律、政策。
Article 115 The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section 5 of Chapter III of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and other laws and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of the existing local situation.

第一百一十六條 民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)有權(quán)依照當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓恼�治、�?jīng)濟(jì)和文化的特點(diǎn)，制定自治條例和單行條例。
Article 116 The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned.

自治區(qū)的自治條例和單行條例，報(bào)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后生效。自治州、自治縣的自治條例和單行條例，報(bào)省或者自治區(qū)的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后生效，并報(bào)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)備案。
The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第一百一十七條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)有管理地方財(cái)政的自治權(quán)。凡是依照國(guó)家財(cái)政體制屬于民族自治地方的財(cái)政收入，都應(yīng)當(dāng)由民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)自主地安排使用。
Article 117 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self- government of those areas on their own.

第一百一十八條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)在國(guó)家計(jì)劃的指導(dǎo)下，自主地安排和管理地方性的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)事業(yè)。
Article 118 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans.

國(guó)家在民族自治地方開(kāi)發(fā)資源、建設(shè)企業(yè)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)照顧民族自治地方的利益。
In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

第一百一十九條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)自主地管理本地方的教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)，保護(hù)和整理民族的文化遺產(chǎn)，發(fā)展和繁榮民族文化。
Article 119 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, protect and sift through the cultural heritage of the nationalities and work for a vigorous development of their cultures.

第一百二十條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)依照國(guó)家的軍事制度和當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際需要，經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，可以組織本地方維護(hù)社會(huì)治安的公安部隊(duì)。
Article 120 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and practical local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

第一百二十一條 民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)在執(zhí)行職務(wù)的時(shí)候，依照本民族自治地方自治條例的規(guī)定，使用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種語(yǔ)言文字。
Article 121 In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the regulations on the exercise of autonomy in those areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.

第一百二十二條 國(guó)家從財(cái)政、物資、技術(shù)等方面幫助各少數(shù)民族加速發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和文化建設(shè)事業(yè)。
Article 122 The state provides financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.

國(guó)家?guī)椭�民族自治地方從�?dāng)?shù)孛褡逯写罅颗囵B(yǎng)各級(jí)干部、各種專(zhuān)業(yè)人才和技術(shù)工人。
The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at various levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.

第三章 國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu) 第七節(jié) 人民法院和人民檢察院
Section 7 The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

第一百二十三條 中華人民共和國(guó)人民法院是國(guó)家的審判機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 123 The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state.

第一百二十四條 中華人民共和國(guó)設(shè)立最高人民法院、地方各級(jí)人民法院和軍事法院等專(zhuān)門(mén)人民法院。
Article 124 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the people's courts at various local levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

最高人民法院院長(zhǎng)每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過(guò)兩屆。
The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress. The President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民法院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of the people's courts is prescribed by law.

第一百二十五條 人民法院審理案件，除法律規(guī)定的特別情況外，一律公開(kāi)進(jìn)行。被告人有權(quán)獲得辯護(hù)。
Article 125 Except in special circumstances as specified by law, all cases in the people's courts are heard in public. The accused has the right to defence.

第一百二十六條 人民法院依照法律規(guī)定獨(dú)立行使審判權(quán)，不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。
Article 126 The people's courts exercise judicial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百二十七條 最高人民法院是最高審判機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 127 The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ.

最高人民法院監(jiān)督地方各級(jí)人民法院和專(zhuān)門(mén)人民法院的審判工作，上級(jí)人民法院監(jiān)督下級(jí)人民法院的審判工作。
The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the people's courts at various local levels and by the special people's courts. People's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

第一百二十八條 最高人民法院對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。地方各級(jí)人民法院對(duì)產(chǎn)生它的國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)。
Article 128 The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them.

第一百二十九條 中華人民共和國(guó)人民檢察院是國(guó)家的法律監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 129 The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

第一百三十條 中華人民共和國(guó)設(shè)立最高人民檢察院、地方各級(jí)人民檢察院和軍事檢察院等專(zhuān)門(mén)人民檢察院。
Article 130 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the people's procuratorates at various local levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates.

最高人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)每屆任期同全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期相同，連續(xù)任職不得超過(guò)兩屆。
The term of office of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the Procurator-General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民檢察院的組織由法律規(guī)定。
The organization of the people's procuratorates is prescribed by law.

第一百三十一條 人民檢察院依照法律規(guī)定獨(dú)立行使檢察權(quán)，不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。
Article 131 The people's procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百三十二條 最高人民檢察院是最高檢察機(jī)關(guān)。
Article 132 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

最高人民檢察院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地方各級(jí)人民檢察院和專(zhuān)門(mén)人民檢察院的工作，上級(jí)人民檢察院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下級(jí)人民檢察院的工作。
The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the people's procuratorates at various local levels and of the special people's procuratorates. People's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

第一百三十三條 最高人民檢察院對(duì)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。地方各級(jí)人民檢察院對(duì)產(chǎn)生它的國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)和上級(jí)人民檢察院負(fù)責(zé)。
Article 133 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. People's procuratorates at various local levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels.

第一百三十四條 各民族公民都有用本民族語(yǔ)言文字進(jìn)行訴訟的權(quán)利。人民法院和人民檢察院對(duì)于不通曉當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫恼Z(yǔ)言文字的訴訟參與人，應(yīng)當(dāng)為他們翻譯。
Article 134 Citizens of all China's nationalities have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in court proceedings. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality.

在少數(shù)民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區(qū)，應(yīng)當(dāng)用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫恼Z(yǔ)言進(jìn)行審理；起訴書(shū)、判決書(shū)、布告和其他文書(shū)應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要使用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種文字。
In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities live together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages commonly used in the locality.

第一百三十五條 人民法院、人民檢察院和公安機(jī)關(guān)辦理刑事案件，應(yīng)當(dāng)分工負(fù)責(zé)，互相配合，互相制約，以保證準(zhǔn)確有效地執(zhí)行法律。
Article 135 The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.

第四章 國(guó)旗、國(guó)徽、首都
Chapter IV The National Flag, the National Emblem and the Capital

第一百三十六條 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)旗是五星紅旗。
Article 136 The national flag of the People's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars.

第一百三十七條 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)徽，中間是五星照耀下的天安門(mén)，周?chē)�是谷穗和齒輪。
Article 137 The national emblem of the People's Republic of China consists of an image of Tian'anmen in its centre illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.

第一百三十八條 中華人民共和國(guó)首都是北京。
Article 138 The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.