由于長(zhǎng)期過(guò)度采挖，山參資源越來(lái)越少，瀕臨枯竭，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滿(mǎn)足不了國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)的需求。目前，每支15克以上的山參，每克售價(jià)150元以上，是普通園參的幾十倍甚至幾百倍。因此，大力開(kāi)展人工培育野山參，不僅可以保護(hù)野生資源，而且可以提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。同時(shí)也是一項(xiàng)投資少、效益高，農(nóng)民群眾致富的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。
人工培育山參，有悠久的歷史，規(guī)模化發(fā)展始于八十年代初。人工培育山參不僅使廣大農(nóng)民走上了致富之路，改變了傳統(tǒng)毀林種參模式，節(jié)省了大量林地資源；而且有利于加強(qiáng)森林和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人參產(chǎn)業(yè)的綠色革命。當(dāng)前，人工培育山參的熱潮在我國(guó)東北三省部分地區(qū)悄然興起。
野山人參有以下幾個(gè)品種：
1、純山參：是指野山參的種子自然落地，自然發(fā)芽生長(zhǎng)的人參。在整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中不移動(dòng)，又不經(jīng)過(guò)任何人工管理，稱(chēng)為純山參。生長(zhǎng)百年以上或重200克以上稱(chēng)為老山參；重量在50克以上的稱(chēng)為大山參；重量不足50克稱(chēng)為捻子。
2、移山參：將采挖的純山參苗重新移栽山林中，任其自然生長(zhǎng)，若干年后挖出 ，這種參叫移山參，也叫“趴貨”。
3、缸（池）山參：是將山參籽（苗），播種、移栽于缸（池）內(nèi)，人為創(chuàng)造山參生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境，不施肥、不用農(nóng)藥，使其自然生長(zhǎng)。此栽種方法，適應(yīng)于各種場(chǎng)地、家庭院內(nèi)。容易管理，成活率高，不受自然災(zāi)害影響，可人為控制土壤濕度、光照、病蟲(chóng)鼠害等。
植物學(xué)特征
人參株高約60厘米，掌狀復(fù)葉輪生，葉披針形或橢圓形，邊緣有淺鋸齒，直根肥大肉質(zhì)，下部有分枝，主根頂端著生根莖，每年增生一節(jié)，秋季地上部枯萎，在根莖上留下盤(pán) 狀莖痕，俗稱(chēng)“蘆碗”，根莖上著生數(shù)條不定根，熟稱(chēng)“門(mén)丁”花生于莖頂。花被五片，黃綠色，雄蕊5枚，雌蕊1枚，子房下位，成熟漿果鮮紅色，種子扁圓形。
生物學(xué)特征
一、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育
我國(guó)東北主產(chǎn)區(qū)人參5月出苗，6月開(kāi)花結(jié)果，7、8月種子成熟，10月枯萎，全生育期130—150天。人參從播種到收獲一般需6年以上，地上部基本是一年增加一片復(fù)葉，復(fù)葉一年生由3小葉組成（熟稱(chēng)三花），地下部根的生長(zhǎng)逐年增大。人參三年開(kāi)始產(chǎn)籽，以后逐年增多，但留籽影響產(chǎn)量。因此，多在第4或第5年留籽1次。
二、對(duì)環(huán)境的要求
人參為陰性植物，對(duì)光的要求比較嚴(yán)格，人參光的補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)約400勒克司。光照由400勒克司增加到10000勒克司，其光合速率似直線(xiàn)上升。人參生育的最適光強(qiáng)隨經(jīng)緯度和氣溫而變，緯度高氣溫低所須光強(qiáng)大，反之則小，高緯度氣溫地區(qū)為7000—22000勒克司，溫度較高的低緯度地區(qū)為7000—10000勒克司。人參喜冷涼氣候，在亞熱帶低緯度高海拔山區(qū)，如廣西、福建、云南、山東等地都已引種栽培成功。人參既不耐旱又不耐澇，土壤含水量在30%為好。因此，掌握好水分、潮濕度極為重要。
三、生產(chǎn)條件
1、種植場(chǎng)地的條件不限。
2、光線(xiàn)要求有早晚斜射光即可。
3、土質(zhì)要求微酸性PH6.5的腐植土或山皮土。
4、使用大號(hào)泥缸（上口直徑70cm、高70cm）或用新磚砌池（高80cm、寬120cm、長(zhǎng)可根據(jù)庭院面積而定）。
四、播種
1、選種：因野山人參的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值極高，生長(zhǎng)周期長(zhǎng)，抗病能力強(qiáng)，成活率高。所以，必需使用野山人參籽、苗。
2、種子處理、：野山人參播種必需用人工催芽處理，翌年春種子幼根長(zhǎng)出后即可播種（亦可夏秋準(zhǔn)備好缸、池封凍前播種、移栽）。
3、播種量：每缸播籽60—70粒，每池（平方米）播籽160—170粒，每年間苗1次，三年定苗，每缸定苗20棵，每池（平方米）定苗35棵。將人工處理后的種子，按間距3×4cm擺放于準(zhǔn)備好的缸、池中，應(yīng)擺放整齊，用過(guò)篩的腐植土蓋上3cm厚。
4、參苗移栽：移栽與播種方式不同。二、三年生參苗移栽方法：將準(zhǔn)備好的缸（池）在裝土的過(guò)程中，邊栽邊裝土。可自制工具，用鐵絲或鋼筋按缸口做一直徑70cm圓圈，圈內(nèi)用橫、豎各綁五條鐵絲，間距以中間向外每條之間距離為10cm，每個(gè)交叉點(diǎn)拴一根線(xiàn)繩，線(xiàn)繩的另一頭輕輕地拴在參頭上，拴參時(shí)要輕，防止折斷參脖，線(xiàn)繩應(yīng)系活扣，參頭與鐵圈之間線(xiàn)繩距離為12cm左右。然后，將鐵圈與拴好的參放置缸上，使根須自然伸開(kāi)，用過(guò)篩的腐植土均勻地將參埋上2/3后，將拴參的繩扣輕輕解開(kāi)，拿掉鐵圈，把剩余部分用土蓋平，再加土2cm，輕輕壓實(shí)，用樹(shù)葉蓋上即可。
五、成品
播籽須6—7年、移栽3—5年即出成品參，8月中旬即可起參。鮮人參可用青苔、草皮等保濕物包好，防止風(fēng)干。干品，按參長(zhǎng)做包裝盒進(jìn)行包裝。
六、成本
以缸為例：大號(hào)泥缸 +籽（苗）+沙土+其他材料=缸山參的成本。
1、泥缸：30元/個(gè)。
2、參籽：70粒/缸=25元(10000粒/斤=5000元，0.5元/粒)。
3、參苗：2年參苗8元/株，20株/缸=160元。
4、沙土：5元/缸。
播籽：六年費(fèi)用=35元（籽）+30元（缸）+5元（土）=70元。
移栽：五年費(fèi)用=160元（參苗）+30元（缸）+5元（土）=195元
七、效益
按目前市場(chǎng)最低價(jià)格，效益=300元/株×20株/每缸=6000元。
八、價(jià)值
野山人參是無(wú)價(jià)之寶。目前，6—7年鮮山參價(jià)格：300—500元以上/棵，干品價(jià)格：800元以上/盒。12—15年山參價(jià)格已達(dá)千元以上/棵。98年，林下參：小貨1.6萬(wàn)元/公斤，中貨：（2.5錢(qián)以上/棵）3萬(wàn)元/公斤。
九、管理
管理方面很重要，掌握好潮濕度、光照、水分可根據(jù)季節(jié)、生長(zhǎng)期人為調(diào)節(jié)。
應(yīng)注意以下問(wèn)題：
1、光照：搭棚，高2-2.5米，長(zhǎng)、寬可根據(jù)栽培面積而定。上面覆蓋一層塑料膜、一層遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)。防止陽(yáng)光、雨水進(jìn)入。春秋季用一層遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)，夏季需用兩層遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)。冬季應(yīng)取下遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)，將四周的塑料膜放下?lián)鯂?yán)越冬。將缸（池）上面裝滿(mǎn)樹(shù)葉，四周用草擋好。如有條件，可在缸（池）上和周?chē)倏垡粚铀芰夏ぁＴ蕉胧┮卯?dāng)。
2、水分：用噴壺澆水，土壤含水量控制在30%左右。水溫應(yīng)與缸（池）內(nèi)土的溫度接近，澆水時(shí)間以早、晚為宜。春、秋季每周澆水2—3次，夏季、霉雨季節(jié)應(yīng)控制水分，地面應(yīng)經(jīng)常保持潮濕。10月份以后停止?jié)菜Ｋ獰o(wú)污染的江、河水，深井水。自來(lái)水要置放2—3天后再用。
3、加土：播種、移栽后，每年秋參秧枯萎后加土2cm。
樹(shù)葉：春天參苗欲發(fā)芽時(shí)將覆蓋在缸池上的樹(shù)葉摟出，剩余適量碎樹(shù)葉即可，冬季用樹(shù)葉將缸池蓋上。
4、摘蕾：人參三年生開(kāi)始產(chǎn)籽，但數(shù)量少。四年生以后產(chǎn)籽量增多，一般四、五年生留籽1次，其它年生均于6月初開(kāi)花前將花蕾摘掉，使?fàn)I養(yǎng)集中可提高根產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。
5、病蟲(chóng)害的防治：山參種植過(guò)程，應(yīng)不施肥、不用農(nóng)藥，或盡量少用，如必要時(shí)應(yīng)選用低農(nóng)殘、無(wú)公害農(nóng)藥（包括土壤消毒），絕對(duì)禁止使用五氯硝基苯、六六六等高殘留農(nóng)藥。要經(jīng)常滅鼠，防止老鼠進(jìn)入缸池吃參。
敬告：
1、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程應(yīng)科學(xué)管理，認(rèn)真操作。如發(fā)現(xiàn)病蟲(chóng)害或其他問(wèn)題，應(yīng)及時(shí)與我研究所聯(lián)系，以免造成不必要的損失。
2、此項(xiàng)目由我單位提供種苗及栽培技術(shù)，非我單位提供的種苗及栽培技術(shù)，我單位不負(fù)責(zé)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)及產(chǎn)品回收。
3、注意做好防盜工作。
Open country hermit enter the courtyard （Vat 、Pool 、Flowerpot ）Grow technique
PanaxginsengC.A.Mey
Introduction
The open country hermit enter are the speciality threes precious things in northeast ，Valuable crude drugs monarchs 。The slender acanthopanax belongs the flora in the interest of passing a sentence the ginseng ，But calling the spirit feels ashamed 、The earth is picked 、Deity straw 、The jade is picked and so on 。《The Holy Farmer herbaceous warp 》、《Herbal detailed outline 》Account ，That the ginseng has patchs the five internal organs 、Calm essence 、Go to blood vessels 、Amusing self at other’s expense increases intelligence 、Great complement gas ，Is convinced by to possess long to promise longevity and so on the effect 。Contemporary medical service is researcied the proof ，The disease is rund to painstaking effort by the ginseng 、Diabetes 、Digestive system disease 、The neurasthenia wholly possess the better curative effect ，Moreover human body immune ability may be heightened ，Supplementarily treat the carcinoma 。Hence ，Top grade in the Chinese herbal medicine of ginseng by praise ，Enjoy high reputation at home and abroad on the marketplace 。
Since over a long period of time over digging ，The resources are entered in the mountain and are more and more littleer ，Be close to exhaustedly ，Not meet the demand in home and abroad marketplace far away 。At the moment ，The mountain over per 15 grams is entered ，Each gram price is over 150 yuan ，They are even to the extent that some hundredfolds of dozens -fold that enters in the ordinary garden 。Hence ，Launching artifically breeing vigorously , enters on the open country mountain ，Not merely may safeguard the uncultivated resources ，But also economic results and the community beneficial result may be liftd 。The at the same time also is that an investment is little 、Beneficial result is high ，The peasantry masses became rich the burgeoning property 。
Enters on artifical the breeing mountain ，There is age-old history ，The scale development starts to the 80’s start 。Artifical the breeing mountain enters not merely to cause wide peasantry goes becomes rich the route ，Revising the tradition ruins the seed of forest and enters the pattern ，Save a great quantity of woodland resources ；But also be favour of strengthening forest and the ecology environmental protection ，Achieve the ginseng property Green Revolution 。Present ，The upsurge that enters on artifical the breeing mountain is living , and saves the part of area and worriedly springs up in our country northeast three 。
Open country hermit enters possess below several straiies ：
1、Enters on the unmixed mountain ：Is that the seed that enters on the open country mountain falls to the ground certainly ，Growth ginseng germinates certainly 。Being living , the entire growth is not removed in the development process ，But not after whatever artificial intelligence ，Being called the unmixed mountain is entered 。The growth a century over either being called the Laoshan Mountain over weighty 200 grams is entered ；The weight is living , and being called great mountain over 50 grams enters ；Weight is less than and 50 be able to be called the wick 。
2、Moving the mountain is entered ：The unmixed mountain which shall be dig is entered the seedling to transplant once more in the wooded mountain ，Grow let nature take its course ，Dig several years afterwards ，This kind is entered to greet to move the mountain to enter ，Also greet “Lie prone by commodity ”。
3、Vat （Pool ）Mountain is entered ：Is entering the seed by the mountain （Seedling ），Seed 、Transplant to the vat （Pool ）It is inside ，Artificially producing the mountain enters the growth environment ，Don’t not apply fertilizer 、Disuse farm chemical ，Cause such natural growth 。This grow the means ，Adapt to to the different spaces 、Inner place the home courtyard 。Convenient administration ，Survival rate is high ，Not accept the natural calamity effect ，Suit act as control soil humidity 、Illumination 、The illness worm damage caused by rats awaits 。
Botany feature
Ginseng 60 centimetres of Gao Yue ，Palm shape compound leaf verticillate ，Ye Pizhen form either oval ，There is the easy serration in the fringe ，The taproot corpulents the flesh character ，There is the branching in the lower part ，The stalk is strikeed root in taproot peak ，Each year one length of hyperplasia ，F(xiàn)all the upper part withers ，Being living on the rootstock leaves to wind the shape stalk mark ，Convention is called “Reed bowl ”，On the rootstock bears a few adventitious roots ，Ripely call “Gatekepper ”The peanut is to the stalk peak 。The floral envelop is 5 ，Yellow green ，The stamen is 5 ，The pistil is 1 ，Ovary lower ，Scarlet colour of ageing berry ，Seed oblate form 。
Biology feature
One 、Growth development
The ginseng in our country northeast master producing area is comed out in May ，6Moon is yielded positive results ，7、8The moon seed becomes mature ，10Moon is withered ，Time of infertility 130 —150My god 。The ginseng oridinarily requires over 6 years through seeding up the harvest ，The upper part is ading a compound leaf in 1 year essentially ，The compound leaf annually consists of 3 leaflet （Ripely call three blossoms ），The lower part piece the growth broadens year by year 。The ginseng start yieling the seed in 3 years ，Grow in number year by year afterwards ，Yet remain the seed effect yield 。Hence ，Being living the 4th either remained the seed 1 time in 5th year more 。
Two 、To the environment demand
The ginseng is the negative flora ，The demand focussing a camera comparatively rigorously enforce ，Brief 400 meter-candles of ginseng light compensation spot 。The illumination adds up 10000 meter-candles through 400 meter-candles ，Such light shuts the rate as if right line moving upward 。The suitableeest light that the ginseng is born powerfully changes into with latitude and longitude and air temperature ，The tall air temperature of latitude lets drop the bureau have to be glossy powerful ，On the contrary it is piece little ，The high latitudes air temperature area is 7000 —22000Meter-candle ，The higher low latitudes area of temperature is 7000 —10000Meter-candle 。That the cold air awaits is cooled that to the ginseng occasion for celebration ，Tall height above sea level mountain area of the subtropics low latitudes being living ，In case Guangxi 、Fujian 、Yunnan 、Thes earth such as Shandong and so on have wholly been introduced a fine variety and had been growed successfully 。The ginseng is not only drought-enduring but also it is waterlogging not to endure ，The earth water content is living 30% in the interest of well 。Hence ，Master good water content 、Damp degree is extremely significant 。
Three 、Production specification
1、Growing the term in space does not limit 。
2、Morning and evening cast oblique rays on light is requireed passablely by the ray in immediate future 。
3、The toil texture requires the corruption of tiny acidity PH6.5 to grow earth either mountain Pi Tu 。
4、Employ the bass horn mire vat （Diameter 70cm is suitable for reading 、Tall 70cm ）Either emploing the fresh brick cuts the pool （Tall 80cm 、Broad 120cm 、The length may be on the basis of the courtyard area but is fixd ）。
Four 、Seed
1、Seed selection ：Economic value as a result of open country hermit entering is exceedingly tall ，The growth cycle elder ，The disease-resistant capability is powerful ，Survival rate is high 。Therefore ，The open country hermit of indispensable use enter the seed 、Seedling 。
2、Seed handle 、：It is indispensable in the way of the artifical germination handle that open country hermit enter to seed ，In immediate future next year spring seed young root is develop queen to seed （Yet Xia Qiu getss ready the good vat too 、The pool is seed before freezing 、Transplant ）。
3、Amount seeding ：Each vat is seeded the seed 60 —70Granule ，Each pool （Square meter ）Seed the seed 160 —170Granule ，The each year thins out seedings 1 time ，F(xiàn)inal singling of 3 years ，Each 20 of final singling in the vat ，Each pool （Square meter ）The final singling is 35 。By the seed of artifical handle queen ，According to clearance 3 ×4The Cm places to the vat that the ready is good 、Chi Zhong ，Ought to place NEATly ，Earth is growed to the corruption in the way of sifts out , and to top 3cm thick 。
4、Entering the seedling transplants ：Transplant against seeds the means difference 。Two 、The student of 3 years is entered that the seedling transplants the means ：The good vat shall be getd ready （Pool ）Be living to pack in the earth process ，Pack earth along growing 。The means may be maked by self ，Act diameter 70cm’s ring in the way of iron wire either reinforcing bar according to the vat rim ，Employ fiercely inner place the ring 、Erectting respectively ties five iron wires ，With outside the direction of middle the distance is 10cm to clearance between per ，A cotton rope is fastend in every one intersection ，Another is fastend to be living gently entering on the head cotton rope ，F(xiàn)asten to ask for when entering softly ，Guarding against that the book from snaping enters the neck ，The cotton rope ought to be fastend the slipknot ，Entering between head together with the iron ring cotton rope distance is masterred in the interest of 12cm 。Afterwards ，Shall that to encircle against fastens good enter to lay up on the vat by iron ，Causing piece have to stretch out certainly ，That the earth evenly shall enter to cover up 2/3 queen is growed that to the corruption in the way of sifts out ，Shall fasten the cord entering buckle and undo gently ，Takeing iron encircles ，The section is toped levelly in the way of earth the remainder ，Beside earth 2cm ，Be getting near gently the factor ，In immediate future top passablely in the way of the leaf 。
Five 、Finished product
Seeding the seed have to 6 —7Year 、Transplant 3 —5In immediate future the year comees out the finished product to enter ，8The moon middle ten days of a month in immediate future may get up to enter 。Usable moss of tasty ginseng 、The trurf awaits that it is good to defend the damp matter package ，Guard against air-dry 。Trunk product ，According to enters to develop does package the case to package 。
Six 、Cost
Takes the vat as the instance ：Bass horn mire vat + seed （Seedling ）+Sandy soil + else cost that enters on the stuff = vat mountain 。
1、Mire vat ：30Unit / 。
2、Enter in seed ：70Granule / vat = 25 yuan ( 10000 / jin = 5000 yuan ，0.5Unit /’s granule ) 。
3、Enter seedling ：2Year enters seedling 8 yuan of /s stem ，20Stem / vat = 160 yuan 。
4、Sandy soil ：5Unit /’s vat 。
Seed seed ：Expense = 35 of 6 years yuan （Seed ）+30Unit （Vat ）+5Unit （Earth ）=70Unit 。
Transplant ：Expense = 160 of 5 years yuan （Enter seedling ）+30Unit （Vat ）+5Unit （Earth ）=195Unit
Seven 、Beneficial result
According to the marketplace bottom price at the moment ，Yuan /s of beneficial result = 300 stem ×20Stem each vat = 6000 of / yuan 。
Eight 、Value
It is the an invaluable asset that open country hermit enter 。At the moment ，6—7Year the tasty mountain enters price ：300—500Over the unit / ，Trunk product price ：800/’s case over the unit 。12—15Year the mountain enters price to have attained over thousand yuan the / 。98Year ，Retirement from official life is entered ：Little commodity 1.6 ten thousand yuan of /’s official business jin ，Middle commodity ：（2.5Over the money / ）3Ten thousand yuan of /’s official business jins 。
Nine 、Administration
The administration respect is very significant ，Master well damp degree 、Illumination 、Water content may on the basis of season 、Growing period man in the interest of regulates 。
The below problem ought to be pay attention to ：
1、Illumination ：Build awning ，Tall 2-2.5’s rice ，Elder 、Broadly may fix on the basis of growing the area 。Top cover one tier of plastic material membrane 、One tier of sunshade net 。Guard against sunlight 、Rainfall gos into 。Spring and autumn season is in the way of one tier of sunshade net ，Summer season need employ two tiers of sunshade net 。Winter ought to take off the sunshade net ，Shall around the plastic material membranes lay down the blind and tightly live through the winter 。By vat （Pool ）Top pack the packed leaf ，Employ that the straw wards off well around 。In case there being the term ，The vat may be living （Pool ）Up and the vicinity takes into custody one tier of plastic material membrane again 。The step lived through the winter is finely serveed as 。
2、Water content ：Irrigate in the way of the sprinkling can ，The earth water content is dominateeed 30% left and right sides being living 。Water Wen Yingyu vat （Pool ）The inside earth temperature is close to ，Irrigates time with early 、Late act as appropriately 。Spring 、Fall per circuit irrigates 2 —3Degree ，Summer season 、The summer rains season ought to dominate water content ，The surface of the earth ought to constantly maintain damp 。10The month ceases to irrigate afterwards 。The water will not there is not the pollution river 、Water in river ，Deep well water 。The tap water will be lay up 2 —3It is afterwards employd again 。
3、Plus earth ：Seed 、Transplant queen ，Each year Qiu Canyang afterwards withering pluss earth 2cm 。
Leaf ：Spring the leaf which shall be covered the vat pool on hugs out when entering Miao Yu to germinate ，In immediate future the fragmentary leaf of remainder appropriate amount passablely ，Winter in the way of the leaf by vat Chi Gai 。
4、Take off bud ：The ginseng was born startting yieling the seed in 3 years ，Yet amount is little 。The amount yieling the seed is growd in number after 4 years the student ，Ordinary four 、The student of 5 years remains the seed 1 time ，All bore in else years to 6 months start before blooming takes off the bud ，Cause nourishment lumping may lift piece yield and a quality 。
5、Prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests ：The mountain is entered to grow the process ，Ought to not apply fertilizer 、Disuse farm chemical ，Either a moment employ to the full ，In case when indispensable ought to choose low Nong Can 、Does not there is not the public hazard farm chemical （Consising of earth sterilizes ），Perfectly ban use five chlorine nitrobenzene 、The BHC is equal in heightly remain the farm chemical 。Constantly put out the rat ，Guard against the rat from going into the vat pool takeing entering 。
Beg to inform ：
1、The production process ought to scientifically be administerd ，Earnest operation 。In case discovering plant diseases and insect pests either else problem ，Ought to without delay get in touch with against our research institute ，So as not to creating the dispensable loss 。
2、The technique is growed through our unit supplys kind Miao Ji to this item ，That non- our unit supplys growing Miao Ji grows the technique ，Our unit is not in charge of technical adviser and produce and recovers 。
3、Pay attention to acting the work well guarded against theft 。
Speciality technological research institute in Jilin Tong Hua Fit together